Delivery and weaning are major stressful events in sows and piglets, adversely affecting production and growth performance and causing economic losses to swine farms. Probiotics as safe antibiotic alternatives have great potential for use across all stages of livestock farming. Here, 18 pregnant sows from clinical farms randomly were divided into two groups: one fed a basal diet (CON group) and the other fed a basal diet plus a probiotic mixture CBB-mix (containing 1×1012 CFU/g of Lactobacillus johnsonii [CJ21], 1×109 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis [BS15], and 1×109 CFU/g of Bacillus licheniformis [BL21]), for 20 days before delivery. The effects of maternal CBB-mix supplementation on sow colostrum metabolome and offspring piglets' clinical performance, immune status, and gut microbiota were investigated. Additionally, 177 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups, including CC group (piglets and sows fed a basal diet, n = 40 from 5 litters), CP group (piglets fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix and sows fed the basal diet, n = 38 from 4 litters), PC group (piglets fed the basal diet and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix, n = 50 from 4 litters), and PP group (both piglets and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix, n = 49 from 5 litters). Among that, CP and PP groups were added CBB-mix in the creep feed from 11 days of age for 18 days to study the direct effects of CBB-mix on the growth performance of piglets. Maternal CBB-mix supplementation improved sow production performance, including litter size at birth and litter weight at birth (P < 0.05). Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows exhibited increased litter size at weaning and reduced diarrhea incidence from 1 to 10 days of age (P < 0.05). Additionally, systemic immune status and antioxidant capabilities were improved in both sows and piglets. Maternal CBB-mix supplementation reconstituted the gut microbiota structure and increased the Sobs index and Shannon index of fecal microbiota in both sows and piglets (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 in sow feces was decreased after feeding CBB-mix (P < 0.05). In piglets, 10-day-old feces had relatively more Lactobacillus but less Escherichia-Shigella than 1-day-old feces (P < 0.05), indicating that maternal feeding CBB-mix alone affects the gut microbiota community of offspring piglets via the gut–breast axis. Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows had continuously decreased the relative abundance of fecal Escherichia-Shigella at 28 days of age (P < 0.05). Consistently, the metabolite profile in sow milk was also changed by CBB-mix. Colostrum metabolome showed that CBB-mix significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Our data demonstrated that maternal CBB-mix supplementation effectively improved the production performance of sows and their offsprings' growth performance. Through the gut–breast axis (interaction between gut microbiota and mammary glands), feeding CBB-mix to sows impacted the gut microbiota of their offspring. This study provides strategy and evidence for maternal probiotic supplementation to improve immune status and gut microbiota homeostasis in response to delivery and weaning.

中文翻译：

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母体益生菌混合物补充剂通过肠道-乳房轴优化了后代仔猪的肠道微生物群结构


分娩和断奶是母猪和仔猪的主要应激事件，对生产和生长性能产生不利影响，并给养猪场造成经济损失。益生菌作为安全的抗生素替代品，在畜牧业的所有阶段都有很大的潜力。在这里，来自临床猪场的 18 头怀孕母猪被随机分为两组：一组饲喂基础日粮（CON 组），另一组饲喂基础日粮加益生菌混合物 CBB 混合物（含有 1×1012 CFU/g 约翰氏乳杆菌 [CJ21]、1×109 CFU/g 枯草芽孢杆菌 [BS15] 和 1×109 CFU/g 地衣芽孢杆菌 [BL21]）， 交货前 20 天。研究母体 CBB 混合物补充剂对母猪初乳代谢组和后代仔猪临床表现、免疫状态和肠道菌群的影响。此外，将 177 头仔猪随机分为 4 组，包括 CC 组（饲喂基础日粮的仔猪和母猪，5 窝中 n = 40）、CP 组（饲喂基础日粮加 CBB 混合物的仔猪和饲喂基础日粮的母猪，4 窝中 n = 38）、PC 组（饲喂基础日粮的仔猪和饲喂基础日粮加 CBB 混合物的母猪， n = 50 来自 4 窝）和 PP 组（仔猪和母猪都饲喂基础日粮加 CBB 混合物，n = 49 来自 5 窝）。其中，CP 和 PP 组从 11 日龄开始在料槽中添加 CBB 混合物，持续 18 天，以研究 CBB 混合物对仔猪生长性能的直接影响。母体补充 CBB 混合物提高了母猪生产性能，包括出生时的窝产仔数和出生时的窝重 （P < 0.05）。CBB 混合饲喂母猪所生仔猪断奶时窝产仔数增加，1 至 10 日龄腹泻发生率降低 （P < 0.05）。 此外，母猪和仔猪的全身免疫状态和抗氧化能力均得到改善。母体 CBB 混合物补充剂重建了母猪和仔猪肠道菌群结构，并增加了粪便菌群的 Sobs 指数和 Shannon 指数 （P < 0.05）。饲喂 CBB 混合物后，母猪粪便中厚壁菌门和 Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 的相对丰度降低 （P < 0.05）。在仔猪中，10 日龄粪便的乳酸菌含量相对高于 1 日龄粪便，但埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌较少 （P < 0.05），表明母体饲喂 CBB 混合物通过肠道-乳房轴影响后代仔猪的肠道菌群。CBB 混合饲喂母猪所生仔猪在 28 日龄时粪便埃希氏菌的相对丰度持续降低 （P < 0.05）。一致地，CBB 混合物也改变了母猪奶中的代谢物谱。初乳代谢组显示，CBB-mix 显著调节色氨酸代谢和初级胆汁酸生物合成。我们的数据表明，母源 CBB 混合物补充剂有效改善了母猪的生产性能及其后代的生长性能。通过肠道-乳房轴（肠道微生物群和乳腺之间的相互作用），给母猪喂食 CBB 混合物会影响其后代的肠道微生物群。本研究为母体补充益生菌以改善免疫状态和肠道微生物群稳态以应对分娩和断奶提供了策略和证据。