Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding occupational exposure of traditional and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) from e-waste and automobile dismantling activities, and their distribution within the human blood. In the present study, we collected dust and urine samples from e-waste (ED) (n = 91 and 130, respectively) and automobile dismantling (AD) plants (n = 93 and 94, respectively), as well as serum-plasma-whole blood samples (sets from 128 participants) within ED areas for analyzing traditional and emerging organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs). Median concentration of ∑tri-OPEs and ∑di-OPEs in dust (37,400 and 9,000 ng/g in ED, and 27,000 and 14,700 ng/g in AD areas, respectively) and urine samples (11.8 and 21.9 ng/mL in ED areas, and 17.2 and 15.0 ng/mL in AD areas, respectively) indicated that both e-waste and automobile dismantling activities served as important pollution source for OPEs. Dust ingestion has been evidenced to be the main exposure pathway compared to dermal absorption and inhalation. The median concentration (ng/mL) of OPEs in blood matrices descended order as follow: whole blood (13.1) > serum (11.6) > plasma (10.4) for ∑tri-OPEs, and plasma (3.51) > serum (0.36) > whole blood (0.23) for ∑di-OPEs. Concentration ratios of OPEs varied across blood matrices, depending on the compounds, suggesting that the essentiality of appropriate biomonitoring matrix for conducting comprehensive exposure assessments.

中文翻译：

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传统和新兴有机磷酸酯的职业暴露：不同来源和血液分布的水平比较


目前，关于电子垃圾和汽车拆解活动中传统和新兴有机磷酸酯 （OPE） 的职业暴露及其在人体血液中的分布知识有限。在本研究中，我们从电子垃圾 （ED）（分别为 n = 91 和 130）和汽车拆解 （AD） 工厂（分别为 n = 93 和 94）以及血清血浆全血样本（来自 128 名参与者的集合）收集了 ED 区域内的灰尘和尿液样本，用于分析传统和新兴的有机磷酸盐三酯 （tri-OPE） 和有机磷酸二酯 （di-OPEs）。粉尘中 ∑tri-OPEs 和 ∑di-OPEs 的中位浓度（ED 区域分别为 37,400 和 9,000 ng/g，AD 区域分别为 27,000 和 14,700 ng/g）和尿液样本（ED 区域分别为 11.8 和 21.9 ng/mL，AD 区域分别为 17.2 和 15.0 ng/mL）表明电子垃圾和汽车拆解活动都是 OPE 的重要污染源。与皮肤吸收和吸入相比，粉尘摄入已被证明是主要的暴露途径。血基质中 OPE 的中位浓度 （ng/mL） 按降序排列：全血 （13.1） > 血清 （11.6） > 血浆 （10.4） ∑tri-OPEs，血浆 （3.51） > 血清 （0.36） > 全血 （0.23） ∑di-OPEs。OPE 的浓度比因血基质而异，具体取决于化合物，这表明进行全面暴露评估的适当生物监测矩阵至关重要。