This study aimed to report the effects of chronic exposure of zebrafish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.5, 2.4, and 5.0 mg L−1 iron (Fe) and 0.2, 0.4, and 2.0 mg L−1 aluminum (Al). We also evaluated the reversal and generational transposition (F1) of possible histopathological, behavioral, and genotoxic changes in the species. Locomotion changes that may have been caused by the increase in the number of apoptotic cells and in the telencephalic mitochondrial activity were observed especially after the 30 days exposure to Al and persisted after recovery (30 days). We also observed histopathological changes, such as an increase in the number of intestinal goblet cells, even after the recovery period in these animals. Our results also showed that the Fe concentrations used were insufficient to cause genotoxicity, behavioral and intestinal epithelium changes. The adult offspring (F1) of animals exposed to Al showed changes in locomotion and in the amount of goblet cells, demonstrating that even in low concentrations this pollutant can harm subsequent generations in the aquatic biota. Animals demonstrate, in general, greater tolerance to Fe which may be related to the physiological demand of this metal by the body. Even so, all concentrations of both metals that caused some change in the species represent Brazilian environmental occurrences or Brazilian legislation. It highlights the need for updating the guidelines and constant monitoring of aquatic environments, since even in the face of a hypothetical decontamination of the environment, some changes could persist and affect different trophic levels.

中文翻译：

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斑马鱼长期暴露于铁和铝：行为、组织病理学和遗传毒性变化的逆转和世代转座的评估


本研究旨在报告斑马鱼长期暴露于环境相关浓度的 0.5、2.4 和 5.0 mg L-1 铁 （Fe） 和 0.2、0.4 和 2.0 mg L-1 铝 （Al） 的影响。我们还评估了该物种可能的组织病理学、行为学和遗传毒性变化的逆转和世代转座 （F1）。观察到可能由凋亡细胞数量和端脑线粒体活性增加引起的运动变化，尤其是在暴露于 Al 30 天后，并在恢复后（30 天）持续存在。我们还观察到组织病理学变化，例如肠道杯状细胞数量的增加，即使在这些动物的恢复期之后也是如此。我们的结果还表明，使用的 Fe 浓度不足以引起遗传毒性、行为和肠上皮变化。暴露于 Al 的动物的成年后代 （F1） 在运动和杯状细胞数量方面表现出变化，这表明即使在低浓度下，这种污染物也会伤害水生生物群中的后代。一般来说，动物对 Fe 表现出更大的耐受性，这可能与身体对这种金属的生理需求有关。即便如此，导致物种发生一些变化的两种金属的所有浓度都代表了巴西的环境事件或巴西立法。它强调了更新指南和持续监测水生环境的必要性，因为即使面对假设的环境净化，一些变化也可能持续存在并影响不同的营养级。