The rates of most paediatric infectious diseases declined during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions. However, after the gradual release of these interventions, resurgences of infections occurred with notable variations in incidence, clinical manifestations, pathogen strains, and age distribution. This Review seeks to explore these changes and the rare clinical manifestations that were made evident during the resurgence of known childhood infections. The magnitude of resurgences was possibly caused by a profound population immunity debt to specific pathogens in combination with the coinciding reappearance of viral and bacterial infections, rather than novel pathogen variants, increased antimicrobial resistance, or altered childhood immune function. As the usual patterns of paediatric infectious diseases were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, the consequences of a population immunity debt were unravelled, and new insights into pathogen transmissibility, disease pathogenesis, and rare clinical manifestations were revealed.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行期间和之后的儿童感染模式。


由于实施了非药物干预措施，在 COVID-19 大流行的初始阶段，大多数儿科传染病的发病率有所下降。然而，在这些干预措施逐渐解除后，感染卷土重来，发病率、临床表现、病原体菌株和年龄分布存在显着差异。本综述旨在探讨这些变化以及在已知儿童感染卷土重来期间明显的罕见临床表现。卷土重来的幅度可能是由于人群对特定病原体的深刻免疫债务以及病毒和细菌感染的重合再次出现，而不是新的病原体变体、抗菌素耐药性增加或儿童免疫功能改变。随着儿科传染病的通常模式在 COVID-19 大流行期间被打破，人群免疫债务的后果被揭示，并揭示了对病原体传播性、疾病发病机制和罕见临床表现的新见解。