Reactive carbon capture (RCC) processes involve the capture of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and conversion to a value-added product using a single sorbent/reaction medium. Not only can RCC processes generate valuable byproducts that can reduce the cost of carbon capture, but RCC tends to have lower energy demand than processes involving the transfer of CO₂ between the mediums used for capture and subsequent reactions. Saline water has been proposed as a potential medium for RCC due to it's relative abundance and low cost. Additionally, the composition and chemistry of many saline water sources: (1) elevates the CO₂ content (as compared to atmospheric concentrations), (2) provides various cations that can form valuable products with CO₂, and (3) enhances the kinetics of chemical reactions used to convert CO₂ to stable byproducts. In addition to established industrial processes for converting CO₂ into inert or valuable byproducts, we found 20 new processes and technologies that have been developed specifically to capture and convert CO₂ using saline water. Both preexisting and emerging processes can be broadly classified as electrochemical or chemical titration processes. When assessing the potential viability of applying any of these processes for large scale carbon capture, several factors must be considered, such as the net carbon footprint of the process, the market size, location of customers and value of the end product, the energy demand and chemical costs of the process, and any other environmental impacts. The feasability of many emerging saline-based RCC processes is difficult to determine, as many technologies were tested using synthetic saline waters and/or concentrated CO₂ sources. Notwithstanding the early stage of development of many saline-based RCC technologies, the major limitation to implementation of this approach to carbon capture is the mismatch in the scale of the markets for products of saline-based RCC and the scale of carbon capture needed to meet climate goals. However, because the products of many of the processes reviewed here are stable and non-hazardous, these technologies may also be used for carbon sequestration efforts where the products are managed as waste, in which case the carbon capture potential of these technologies can surpass the market-imposed limitations on RCC. Thus, the potential benefits of saline water-based RCC identified in this review encourage further study and development of these technologies.

中文翻译：

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使用盐水进行活性碳捕获：潜在来源、工艺和产品评估


活性碳捕获 （RCC） 工艺涉及捕获二氧化碳 （CO₂） 并使用单一吸附剂/反应介质转化为增值产品。RCC 工艺不仅可以产生有价值的副产品，从而降低碳捕获的成本，而且 RCC 的能源需求往往低于涉及在用于捕获和后续反应的介质之间转移_CO2 的工艺。由于盐水相对丰富且成本低，因此被提议作为 RCC 的潜在介质。此外，许多含盐水源的成分和化学成分：（1） 提高了 CO₂ 含量（与大气浓度相比），（2） 提供了各种阳离子，可以与 CO₂ 形成有价值的产物，以及 （3） 增强用于将 CO₂ 转化为稳定副产物的化学反应的动力学。除了将 CO₂ 转化为惰性或有价值的副产品的既定工业流程外，我们还发现了 20 种专门开发用于使用盐水捕获和转化 CO₂ 的新工艺和技术。既有过程又有新兴过程都可以大致分为电化学或化学滴定过程。在评估应用这些工艺进行大规模碳捕获的潜在可行性时，必须考虑几个因素，例如工艺的净碳足迹、市场规模、客户位置和最终产品的价值、工艺的能源需求和化学成本，以及任何其他环境影响。 许多新兴的基于盐水的 RCC 工艺的可行性很难确定，因为许多技术都是使用合成盐水和/或浓 CO₂ 源进行测试的。尽管许多盐碱基 RCC 技术处于早期发展阶段，但实施这种碳捕获方法的主要限制是盐碱 RCC 产品市场规模与实现气候目标所需的碳捕获规模不匹配。然而，由于这里回顾的许多过程的产品是稳定且无害的，因此这些技术也可用于碳封存工作，其中产品作为废物进行管理，在这种情况下，这些技术的碳捕获潜力可以超过市场对 RCC 施加的限制。因此，本综述中确定的盐水基 RCC 的潜在益处鼓励进一步研究和开发这些技术。