In response to growing concerns regarding the adverse environmental and health effects of synthetic pesticides, there has been a notable surge in the demand for plant-based bioinsecticides. Botanicals and essential oils (EOs) are emerging as promising alternatives that offer a safer and more sustainable approach to pest management. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these natural insecticides is often hindered by their inherent instability under environmental conditions, high volatility, and susceptibility to thermal decomposition, which necessitates frequent reapplication and diminishes their practical utility. To address these challenges, innovative formulation strategies such as nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanoencapsulation, and microencapsulation have been developed. These advanced approaches facilitate controlled release, enhance stability, and significantly improve the efficacy of botanical- and EO-based insecticides. By providing target-specific action, these formulations not only reduce the frequency of applications and lower dosage requirements but also minimize environmental contamination and enhance overall pest management efficiency. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of these advanced formulations, including the preparation and characterization of nano-/microemulsion and nano-/microencapsulate systems and the technical challenges associated with their characterization. This manuscript examines the efficacy of these formulations in pest management, focusing on their physical and chemical stability under various storage conditions. Additionally, it addressed the impact of these formulations on nontarget organisms and their potential phytotoxicity. Despite the promising results observed in controlled settings, there is a notable lack of field studies evaluating the suitability of these formulations for different crops and their effectiveness in diverse agricultural environments. This identified gap underscores the necessity for further research to validate the practical application of these technologies. This review also discusses the scalability and cost-effectiveness of these advanced formulations, providing insights into their potential for broader commercial adoption.

为了应对对合成杀虫剂对环境和健康不利影响的日益担忧，对植物性生物杀虫剂的需求显着激增。植物药和精油 （EO） 正在成为有前途的替代品，为害虫管理提供了一种更安全、更可持续的方法。然而，这些天然杀虫剂的有效性往往受到它们在环境条件下固有的不稳定性、高挥发性和对热分解的敏感性的阻碍，这需要频繁重新施用并降低其实际效用。为了应对这些挑战，已经开发了创新的配方策略，例如纳米乳液、微乳液、纳米胶囊化和微胶囊化。这些先进的方法有助于控制释放，增强稳定性，并显著提高植物和环氧乙烷杀虫剂的功效。通过提供针对特定目标的作用，这些配方不仅减少了施用频率和降低了剂量要求，而且还最大限度地减少了环境污染，提高了整体害虫管理效率。本文对这些先进配方进行了全面探索，包括纳米/微乳液和纳米/微胶囊体系的制备和表征，以及与它们表征相关的技术挑战。本手稿研究了这些制剂在害虫管理中的功效，重点关注它们在各种储存条件下的物理和化学稳定性。此外，它还解决了这些制剂对非目标生物体的影响及其潜在的植物毒性。 尽管在受控环境中观察到有希望的结果，但明显缺乏评估这些配方对不同作物的适用性及其在不同农业环境中的有效性的田间研究。这一已确定的差距强调了进一步研究以验证这些技术的实际应用的必要性。本综述还讨论了这些先进制剂的可扩展性和成本效益，为它们更广泛地商业采用的潜力提供了见解。