Purpose of Review

To synthesize new information regarding the environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on leaf-, wood-, phloem- and root phenology of deciduous forests of the temperate (and boreal) zone, comprising overstory and understory, and both woody and herbaceous species.

Recent Findings

The environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on spring leaf phenology are relatively well understood, with ongoing efforts focusing on the spatial and temporal variability in both overstory and understory. Autumn leaf phenology and cambial phenology have received increasing attention in recent years. The drivers of senescence progression are well understood (current temperature), while the drivers of the onset of senescence are still uncertain but likely relate to spring temperature, water availability and light conditions. Studies on cambial phenology of angiosperm trees have focused on the variability across populations and years, while studies on phloem remain scarce and synthesis studies are unavailable. For fine root phenology, asynchronicity with leaf phenology and high variability among species have been demonstrated, but large uncertainty remains regarding the drivers of the onset and cessation of their growth. Studies on woody and herbaceous understory highlight the importance of microclimate differences within the stand.

Summary

Future phenology research should focus on (i) onset of leaf senescence, (ii) fine roots, (iii) the relationships between overstory and understory species not only regarding leaves, but also wood and fine roots, (iv) variability across multiples scales (e.g. individuals, stands), and (v) interannual legacy effects and connections among phenophases of different organs and forest compartments.

中文翻译：

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环境敏感性和气候变化对温带落叶林上层和下层林下叶、木和根物候的影响

 审查目的

综合有关气候变化对温带（和北方）区落叶林的叶、木、韧皮部和根物候的新信息，包括上层和下层林，以及木本和草本物种。

 最新发现

环境敏感性和气候变化对春叶物候的影响相对了解较好，正在进行的工作集中在林上和林下的空间和时间变化上。近年来，秋叶物候学和形成层物候学受到越来越多的关注。衰老进展的驱动因素（当前温度）已广为人知，而衰老开始的驱动因素仍不确定，但可能与春季温度、水的可用性和光照条件有关。关于被子植物树的形成层物候学的研究集中在种群和年份之间的差异上，而对韧皮部的研究仍然很少，合成研究不可用。对于细根物候学，已经证明了与叶物候的不同步性和物种间的高度变异性，但关于其生长开始和停止的驱动因素仍然存在很大的不确定性。对木本和草本林下层的研究强调了林分内小气候差异的重要性。

 总结

未来的物候学研究应侧重于 （i） 叶片衰老的开始，（ii） 细根，（iii） 林上物种和林下物种之间的关系，不仅涉及叶子，还涉及木材和细根，（iv） 多个尺度（例如个体、林分）的可变性，以及 （v） 不同器官和森林隔室的物候期之间的年际遗产效应和联系。