Factors which impact bilingual language development can often interact with different language features. The current study teases apart the impact of internal and external factors (chronological age, length of exposure, L2 richness, L2 use at home, maternal education and maternal L2 proficiency) across linguistic domains and features (vocabulary, morphology and syntax). Participants were 40 Arabic-speaking sequential bilinguals acquiring English (5;7-12;2, M = 8;4). Length of exposure predicted vocabulary and morphology, while chronological age predicted syntax. L2 richness also predicted vocabulary and syntax, although the impact on syntax was selective across structures. This split between syntax on the one hand, and vocabulary and morphology on the other, reflects the more embedded properties of the former; this contrasts with vocabulary and morphology, where transfer from the L1 and L2 may be more strongly dependent on the availability of shared forms across languages. Further implications are considered for sequential bilinguals in education contexts.

中文翻译：

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内部和外部因素对语言领域和特征对顺序双语习得的影响


影响双语语言发展的因素通常与不同的语言特征相互作用。目前的研究梳理了内部和外部因素（实际年龄、暴露时间、L2 丰富度、家庭 L2 使用、母亲教育和母亲 L2 熟练度）对语言领域和特征（词汇、形态和句法）的影响。参与者是 40 名讲阿拉伯语的连续双语者，他们获得了英语 （5;7-12;2， M = 8;4）. 暴露时间预测词汇和形态，而实际年龄预测句法。L2 丰富度也预测了词汇和句法，尽管对句法的影响在结构之间是选择性的。句法与词汇和形态之间的这种分裂反映了前者更嵌入的属性;这与词汇和形态形成鲜明对比，在词汇和形态学中，从 L1 和 L2 的迁移可能更强烈地依赖于跨语言共享形式的可用性。考虑了教育背景下连续双语的进一步影响。