Time-restricted eating (TRE) has been shown to extent lifespans in drosophila and mouse models by affecting metabolic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of TRE on the human immune system, especially on immunosenescence, intestinal microbiome, and metabolism remains unclear. We conducted a 30-day 16:8 TRE single-arm clinical trial with 49 participants. Participants consumed daily meals from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., provided by a nutrition canteen with a balanced, calorie-appropriate nutrition, which is designed by clinical nutritionists (ChiCTR2200058137). We monitored weight changes and weight-related parameters and focused on changes in the frequency of CD4+ senescent T cells, immune repertoire from peripheral blood, as well as serum metabolites and gut microbiota. We found that up to 95.9 % of subjects experienced sustained weight loss after TRE. The frequency of circulating senescent CD4+ T cells was decreased, while the frequency of Th1, Treg, Tfh-like, and B cells was increased. Regarding the immune repertoire, the proportions of T cell receptor alpha and beta chains were increased, whereas B cell receptor kappa and lambda chains were reduced. In addition, a reduced class switch recombination from immunoglobulin M (IgM) to immunoglobulin A (IgA) was observed. TRE upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory and anti-aging serum metabolites named sphingosine-1-phosphate and prostaglandin-1. Additionally, several anti-inflammatory bacteria and probiotics were increased, such as Akkermansia and Rikenellaceae, and the composition of the gut microbiota tended to be “younger”. Overall, TRE showed multiple anti-aging effects, which may help humans maintain a healthy lifestyle to stay “young”. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=159876.

中文翻译：

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限时进食揭示了“更年轻”的免疫系统并重塑了人类的肠道微生物组


限时进食 （TRE） 已被证明可以通过影响代谢和抗炎活性来延长果蝇和小鼠模型的寿命。然而，TRE 对人体免疫系统的影响，尤其是对免疫衰老、肠道微生物组和新陈代谢的影响仍不清楚。我们进行了一项为期 30 天的 16：8 TRE 单臂临床试验，有 49 名参与者。参与者每天从上午 9 点到下午 5 点吃饭，由营养食堂提供营养，营养食堂提供均衡、卡路里适宜的营养，该营养由临床营养师设计 （ChiCTR2200058137）。我们监测体重变化和体重相关参数，并关注 CD4+ 衰老 T 细胞频率的变化、外周血免疫库以及血清代谢物和肠道微生物群。我们发现高达 95.9% 的受试者在 TRE 后经历了持续的体重减轻。循环衰老 CD4+ T 细胞的频率降低，而 Th1 、 Treg 、 Tfh 样和 B 细胞的频率增加。关于免疫库，T 细胞受体 α 和 β 链的比例增加，而 B 细胞受体 κ 和 lambda 链的比例减少。此外，观察到从免疫球蛋白 M （IgM） 到免疫球蛋白 A （IgA） 的类别转换重组减少。TRE 上调了名为 sphingosine-1-phosphate 和 prostaglandin-1 的抗炎和抗衰老血清代谢物的水平。此外，几种抗炎细菌和益生菌增加，例如 Akkermansia 和 Rikenellaceae，肠道微生物群的组成趋于“年轻”。总体而言，TRE 显示出多种抗衰老作用，这可能有助于人类保持健康的生活方式以保持“年轻”。临床试验注册网址：https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj。html？proj=159876 的