The concept and development of bone/cartilage organoids are rapidly gaining momentum, providing opportunities for both fundamental and translational research in bone biology. Bone/cartilage organoids, essentially miniature bone/cartilage tissues grown in vitro, enable the study of complex cellular interactions, biological processes, and disease pathology in a representative and controlled environment. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the field, focusing on the strategies for bone/cartilage organoid construction strategies, progresses in the research, and potential applications. We delve into the significance of selecting appropriate cells, matrix gels, cytokines/inducers, and construction techniques. Moreover, we explore the role of bone/cartilage organoids in advancing our understanding of bone/cartilage reconstruction, disease modeling, drug screening, disease prevention, and treatment strategies. While acknowledging the potential of these organoids, we discuss the inherent challenges and limitations in the field and propose potential solutions, including the use of bioprinting for organoid induction, AI for improved screening processes, and the exploration of assembloids for more complex, multicellular bone/cartilage organoids models. We believe that with continuous refinement and standardization, bone/cartilage organoids can profoundly impact patient-specific therapeutic interventions and lead the way in regenerative medicine.

骨/软骨类器官的概念和发展势头迅速，为骨生物学的基础和转化研究提供了机会。骨/软骨类器官，本质上是在体外生长的微型骨/软骨组织，能够在具有代表性和受控的环境中研究复杂的细胞相互作用、生物过程和疾病病理学。这篇综述提供了该领域的全面和最新的概述，重点介绍了骨/软骨类器官构建策略、研究进展和潜在应用。我们深入探讨了选择合适的细胞、基质凝胶、细胞因子/诱导剂和构建技术的重要性。此外，我们探讨了骨/软骨类器官在促进我们对骨骼/软骨重建、疾病建模、药物筛查、疾病预防和治疗策略的理解中的作用。在承认这些类器官的潜力的同时，我们讨论了该领域的固有挑战和局限性，并提出了潜在的解决方案，包括使用生物打印进行类器官诱导，使用 AI 改进筛选过程，以及探索组装体以获得更复杂的多细胞骨/软骨类器官模型。我们相信，随着不断的改进和标准化，骨/软骨类器官可以深刻影响患者特定的治疗干预，并引领再生医学的发展。