In 2022, leukemia ranked as the second most common hematological malignancy after non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. However, updated global estimates of leukemia incidence by subtype are unavailable. We estimated leukemia incidences for different leukemia subtypes by country, world region, and human developmental index using data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents databases combined with the GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates of leukemia in 185 countries. We estimated sex-specific age-standardized rates (ASRs) per 100 000 for children (0–19 years) and adults (20+ years). In adults, the most common leukemia worldwide was AML (males: 38%, ASR = 3·1; females: 43%, ASR = 2·4), followed by CLL (males: 28%, ASR = 2·2; females: 24%, ASR = 1·3). In very high HDI countries, the ASR of CLL was higher than the ASR of AML among males (5·2 versus 4·3, respectively) and similar among females (2·9 and 3·0, respectively). In children, the most common leukemia was ALL (boys: 70%, ASR = 2·4; girls: 68%, ASR = 1·8) followed by AML (boys: 22%, ASR = 0·76; girls: 25%, ASR = 0·65). ALL proportions varied across world sub-regions from 57 to 78% among boys, and from 49 to 80% among girls. Our findings suggest clear geographical patterns of leukemia subtypes in adults and children. Further research into underlying causes that explain these variations is needed to support cancer control strategies for prevention and plan national healthcare needs.

2022 年，白血病是全球第二大最常见的血液系统恶性肿瘤，仅次于非霍奇金淋巴瘤。然而，无法获得按亚型划分的白血病发病率的最新全球估计值。我们使用来自五大洲癌症发病率数据库的数据以及 GLOBOCAN 2022 对 185 个国家/地区白血病的估计，按国家、世界地区和人类发展指数估计了不同白血病亚型的白血病发病率。我们估计了儿童 （0-19 岁） 和成人 （20+ 岁） 的性别特异性年龄标准化率 （ASR） 每 100 000 人。在成人中，全球最常见的白血病是 AML（男性：38%，ASR = 3·1;女性：43%，ASR = 2·4），其次是 CLL（男性：28%，ASR = 2·2;女性：24%，ASR = 1·3）。在 HDI 非常高的国家，CLL 的 ASR 高于男性的 AML 的 ASR（分别为 5·2 和 4·3），女性也相似（分别为 2·9 和 3·0）。在儿童中，最常见的白血病是 ALL（男孩：70%，ASR = 2·4;女孩：68%，ASR = 1·8），其次是 AML（男孩：22%，ASR = 0·76;女孩：25%，ASR = 0·65）。不同次区域的 ALL 比例各不相同，男孩为 57% 至 78%，女孩为 49% 至 80%。我们的研究结果表明成人和儿童白血病亚型的地理模式清晰。需要进一步研究解释这些差异的根本原因，以支持预防癌症控制策略和规划国家医疗保健需求。