The post-treatment based on spin-coating (SC) organic amine salts is commonly used for surface modification of perovskite films to eliminate defects. However, there is still a lack of systematic study and a unified understanding of the functions and mechanisms of different organic amine salts. The SC method is also not conducive to the industrialization of solar cells. In this work, we study three different organic amine salts, and a passivation strategy for perovskite films based on green anisole liquid soaking (ALS) has been developed. Phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI), diethylamine hydroiodide (DEAI), and guanidine hydroiodide (GAI) organic amine salt passivators are selected to modify perovskite films, and their effect and working mechanism are also systematically estimated. It is found that PEAI passivates shallow-level defects on the surface of perovskite films, while DEAI incorporates into the perovskite lattice to suppress point defects, and GAI eliminates excess PbI₂ residuals in perovskite films. These three organic-amine-salt-modified devices achieve enhanced power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 21.82% (PEAI-ALS), 21.74% (DEAI-ALS), and 22.21% (GAI-ALS), which is much higher than that of the pristine device without treatment (19.95%). The PCE of the PEAI-ALS device retains nearly 94% of the initial efficiency after 1200 h in unpackaged conditions and about 40% ambient humidity, achieving the best stability performance. Particularly, the PEAI-ALS device has the best comprehensive performance in efficiency and stability. And PEAI is estimated by the SC method and ALS method, and it is found that the PEAI-ALS device achieves a higher PCE compared to the PEAI-SC device (21.51%). We believe that the post-treatment based on a combination of appropriate amine salts and ALS enables a universal approach for fabrication of perovskite solar cells with enhanced photovoltaic performance.

中文翻译：

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基于苯甲醚液体浸泡的多功能胺盐用于制备高效稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池


基于旋涂 （SC） 有机胺盐的后处理通常用于钙钛矿薄膜的表面改性以消除缺陷。然而，目前还缺乏对不同有机胺盐的功能和机理的系统研究和统一认识。SC 方法也不利于太阳能电池的工业化。在这项工作中，我们研究了三种不同的有机胺盐，并开发了一种基于绿色苯甲醚液体浸泡 （ALS） 的钙钛矿薄膜钝化策略。选择碘化苯乙基铵 （PEAI）、氢碘二乙胺 （DEAI） 和氢碘胍 （GAI） 有机胺盐钝化剂对钙钛矿薄膜进行改性，并系统估计了它们的效果和工作机理。研究发现，PEAI 钝化了钙钛矿薄膜表面的浅层缺陷，而 DEAI 掺入钙钛矿晶格中以抑制点缺陷，而 GAI 消除了钙钛矿薄膜中过量的 PbI₂ 残留物。这三种有机胺盐改性器件实现了 21.82% （PEAI-ALS）、21.74% （DEAI-ALS） 和 22.21% （GAI-ALS） 的增强功率转换效率 （PCE），远高于未经处理的原始器件 （19.95%）。在未包装的条件下和约 40% 的环境湿度下，PEAI-ALS 装置的 PCE 在 1200 小时后仍保持近 94% 的初始效率，实现了最佳的稳定性。特别是 PEAI-ALS 器件在效率和稳定性方面具有最好的综合性能。并且通过 SC 方法和 ALS 方法估计 PEAI，发现与 PEAI-SC 设备 （21.51%） 相比，PEAI-ALS 设备实现了更高的 PCE。 我们相信，基于适当胺盐和 ALS 组合的后处理能够为制造具有增强光伏性能的钙钛矿太阳能电池提供一种通用方法。