Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have important applications in biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy for tumor diagnosis and therapy owing to their long luminescence lifetimes, large Stokes shifts, and no need for real-time excitation. Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of RTP materials, which have attracted wide attention because of their long RTP lifetime, tunable emission wavelength, low cytotoxicity, and other excellent properties compared with traditional RTP materials. However, most CDs only emit RTP in the solid state, which is quenched when dissolved in aqueous solutions. Therefore, recent studies on the synthesis and property modulation of RTP CD composites in aqueous solution have greatly expanded their applications in biomedicine. This review summarizes the latest research progress of aqueous RTP CD composites in tumor diagnosis and therapy, specifically including their synthesis methods, properties, and applications in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Beginning with the RTP emission mechanism of CDs in aqueous solutions, the interaction between CDs and matrix in RTP CD composites includes hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, and inorganic salt confinement effects, and their structural influence laws on RTP emission are summarized. Secondly, the properties of RTP CD composites are summarized in terms of luminescence performance, photoinitiated generation of reactive oxygen species, and biotoxicity. Subsequently, the principles of RTP CD composites in biosensing, bioimaging, and tumor therapy are analyzed and the progress of their application in tumor diagnosis and therapy is reviews. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of RTP CD composites in the biomedical field are presented to provide a reference for their controllable design and wide application.

中文翻译：

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水溶液中室温磷光碳点复合材料的合成、性能及肿瘤诊断和治疗


室温磷光 （RTP） 材料具有发光寿命长、斯托克斯位移大且无需实时激发等特点，因此在生物传感、生物成像、药物递送和光动力疗法中具有重要的应用，用于肿瘤诊断和治疗。碳点 （CDs） 是一种新型的 RTP 材料，与传统的 RTP 材料相比，由于其 RTP 寿命长、发射波长可调、细胞毒性低等优异性能而受到广泛关注。然而，大多数 CD 仅以固态释放 RTP，当溶解在水溶液中时会淬灭。因此，近年来对 RTP CD 复合材料在水溶液中的合成和性能调控的研究极大地拓展了其在生物医学中的应用。本文综述了水性 RTP CD 复合材料在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的最新研究进展，具体包括其合成方法、性质及其在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用。从CDs在水溶液中的RTP发射机理开始，RTP CD复合材料中CDs与基体的相互作用包括氢键、共价键和无机盐约束效应，并总结了它们对RTP发射的结构影响规律。其次，从发光性能、光引发活性氧生成和生物毒性方面总结了 RTP CD 复合材料的性能。随后，分析了 RTP CD 复合材料在生物传感、生物成像和肿瘤治疗中的原理，并综述了其在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用进展。 最后，提出了 RTP CD 复合材料在生物医学领域的未来挑战和机遇，以期为其可控设计和广泛应用提供参考。