Superoxide anion (O₂˙⁻), nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO⁻) play essential roles in physiological and pathological processes, which are related to various symptoms and diseases. There is a growing need to develop reliable techniques for effectively monitoring the changes in these three reactive species across different molecular events. Currently, small-molecule fluorescent probes have been demonstrated to be reliable imaging tools for the optical detection and biological analysis of reactive species in biological systems due to their high spatiotemporal resolution and in situ capabilities. In consideration of the distinct features of these three reactive species, abundant fluorescent probes have been developed to meet various requirements. In this context, we systematically summarized the latest progress (2020–2023) in organic fluorescent probes for monitoring O₂˙⁻, NO, and ONOO⁻ in living systems. Furthermore, the working principles and biological applications of representative fluorescent probes were illustrated. Moreover, we highlighted the current challenges and future trends of fluorescent probes, offering general insights into future research.

中文翻译：

---

小分子荧光探针在生物系统中检测超氧阴离子、一氧化氮和过氧亚硝酸盐阴离子的研究进展


超氧阴离子 （O₂ ̇⁻）、一氧化氮 （NO） 和过氧亚硝酸盐阴离子 （ONOO⁻） 在与各种症状和疾病相关的生理和病理过程中起着至关重要的作用。越来越需要开发可靠的技术来有效监测这三种反应性物质在不同分子事件中的变化。目前，小分子荧光探针因其高时空分辨率和原位能力而被证明是生物系统中反应性物质光学检测和生物分析的可靠成像工具。考虑到这三种反应性物质的不同特征，已经开发了丰富的荧光探针来满足各种要求。在此背景下，我们系统总结了有机荧光探针监测生命系统中 O₂ ̇⁻、NO 和 ONOO⁻ 的最新进展 （2020-2023）。此外，还说明了代表性荧光探针的工作原理和生物学应用。此外，我们强调了荧光探针的当前挑战和未来趋势，为未来研究提供了一般见解。