Efficient water use and irrigation water conservation with yield optimization are crucial for attaining water security in sustainable agriculture to fulfill the growing food demand of the overwhelming population. Meta-analyses were employed to assess the irrigation scheduling impact on fruit yield (Y), quality, and water use efficiency (WUE) of apples, peaches, and sweet cherries. The irrigation scheduling included were Moderate Deficit Irrigation (MDI; > 50 % ET and/or 50 % of the full irrigation (FI, 100 % ET or control)), Severe Deficit Irrigation (SDI;< 50 % irrigation or greater than 50 % reduction from FI), Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI: as stated in the experiments), Partial Rootzone Drying Irrigation (PRDI), Farmer Practiced Irrigation (FPI) and over-irrigation (OI). Treatments were compared with FI (100 % ET) or control with no water deficit. These treatments were analyzed across different moderators such as climate, soil, and cultivar. Meta-analysis indicated that irrigation scheduling across all treatments led to change in Y and WUE for in apple (Y = −15 % and WUE = 12 %), peach (Y = −13 % and WUE = 10 %), and sweet cherry (Y = 1 % and WUE = 14 %) Apple was affected the most by MDI (Y = −23 % and WUE = −15 %), SDI (Y = −25 %), RDI (Y = −10 % and WUE = 50 %), and OI (WUE = 25 %) followed by peach across MDI (Y = −14 % and WUE = 23 %), SDI (Y = −19 % and WUE = 5 %), RDI (Y = 18 % and WUE = 30 %), OI/FPI (Y= −11 %) while non-significant influence of SDI, MDI, RDI and PRDI on yield but improvement in WUE 14 %, 42 % and 50 % for SDI, MDI and RDI of sweet cherry was observed. Both OI and FPI influenced sweet cherry (Y = −10 % and WUE = −14 %). Across the climates, yield and WUE were affected more in arid climates followed by semi-arid, semi-humid, and humid climates. Across different soil types, the impact of irrigation scheduling differed significantly for crops in sandy soil followed by silt, clay, and loam soils. For example, in arid and semi-arid regions, increasing deficit irrigation (less water available) resulted in yield reduction and a decline in WUE for apples, followed by peaches. Yield reduction risk was smaller with higher WUE in finer-textured soil than the coarse-textured soil under deficit irrigation. Thus, irrigation scheduling effectiveness and yield reduction, along with WUE, can be optimized by consideration of deficit degree, climate, soil, species, and cultivar. and particularly plant hydraulic regulation behavior. Yield and WUE were highest for regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in apple, peach, and sweet cherry. Our analysis suggests that RDI should be used to optimize yield and improve WUE under prevailing water scarcity.

中文翻译：

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灌溉调度对苹果、桃子和甜樱桃产量和水分利用效率的影响：全球荟萃分析


高效用水和灌溉节水并优化产量对于实现可持续农业的水安全至关重要，以满足绝大多数人口不断增长的粮食需求。采用荟萃分析来评估灌溉调度对苹果、桃子和甜樱桃的果实产量 （Y）、品质和水分利用效率 （WUE） 的影响。包括的灌溉计划是中度亏缺灌溉（MDI;> 50 % ET和/或50%完全灌溉（FI，100 % ET或对照））、严重亏缺灌溉（SDI;< 50%灌溉或比FI减少50%以上）、调节亏缺灌溉（RDI：如实验中所述）、部分根区干燥灌溉（PRDI）、农民实践灌溉（FPI）和过度灌溉（OI）。将处理与 FI （100% ET） 或无缺水的对照进行比较。在气候、土壤和栽培品种等不同调节因子下分析了这些处理。荟萃分析表明，所有处理的灌溉计划导致苹果（Y = -15 % 和 WUE = 12 %）、桃子（Y = -13 % 和 WUE = 10 %）和甜樱桃（Y = 1 % 和 WUE = 14 %）苹果受 MDI（Y = -23 % 和 WUE = -15 %）、SDI（Y = -25 %）、RDI（Y = -10 % 和 WUE = 50 %）、 和 OI （WUE = 25 %） 其次是桃子的 MDI （Y = -14 % 和 WUE = 23 %）、SDI （Y = -19 % 和 WUE = 5 %）、RDI （Y = 18 % 和 WUE = 30 %）、OI/FPI （Y = -11 %），而 SDI、MDI、RDI 和 PRDI 对产量的影响不显著，但观察到甜樱桃的 SDI、MDI 和 RDI 的 WUE 提高了 14 %、42 % 和 50%。OI 和 FPI 都影响了甜樱桃 （Y = -10 % 和 WUE = -14 %）。 在整个气候中，干旱气候对产量和 WUE 的影响更大，其次是半干旱、半湿润和湿润气候。在不同土壤类型中，灌溉调度对沙质土壤作物的影响差异很大，其次是淤泥、粘土和壤土。例如，在干旱和半干旱地区，灌溉不足的增加（可用水量减少）导致苹果产量下降和 WUE 下降，其次是桃子。与亏缺灌溉下的粗纹理土壤相比，细纹理土壤的 WUE 较低，减产风险较小。因此，可以通过考虑亏缺程度、气候、土壤、物种和品种来优化灌溉调度的有效性和产量降低以及 WUE。特别是工厂水力调节行为。苹果、桃子和甜樱桃的调节赤字灌溉 （RDI） 的产量和 WUE 最高。我们的分析表明，在普遍缺水的情况下，应使用 RDI 来优化产量和提高 WUE。