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Optimizing sowing date to mitigate loss of growing degree days and enhance crop water productivity of groundwater-irrigated spring maize
Agricultural Water Management ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2024-10-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109097 Lifeng Zhou, Xinlong Han, Qiliang Yang, Hao Feng, Kadambot H.M. Siddique
Agricultural Water Management ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2024-10-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109097 Lifeng Zhou, Xinlong Han, Qiliang Yang, Hao Feng, Kadambot H.M. Siddique
Groundwater irrigation (GWI) decreases soil temperature and increases crop growth duration and water consumption. Optimizing sowing dates offers a cost-effective solution to mitigate these effects. This study evaluated five sowing date treatments for spring maize: GWI on April 20 (GW420), April 25 (GW425), April 30 (GW430), May 5 (GW505), and May 10 (GW510), with surface water irrigation (SWI) on April 20 (SW420) as the control. The evaluated parameters included soil temperature at 5 cm depth (T5 ), soil-temperature-calculated growing degree days (GDDs ), actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc-act ), leaf area index (LAI), grain filling, grain yield, and crop water productivity (WPc ). GW420 decreased daily maximum T5 by 1.8°C (P<0.05) and daily average GDDs accumulation by 5.9 % and increased the growth duration by 7.8 d and ETc-act by 33.2 mm compared to SW420. GW420 also delayed LAI growth and decreased the weight of maximum grain filling rate (Wmax ) and maximum grain filling rate (Gmax ), reducing mean LAI (LAIave ) by 8.7 %, grain yield by 6.7 %, and WPc by 10.2 % (P<0.05). Late sowing compensated for GDDs loss in the GWI treatments, with the highest daily average GDDs accumulation observed in GW505 and GW510 (21.3°C d–1 ), followed by SW420 and GW430 (20.2–20.3°C d–1 ), and the lowest in GW420 and GW425 (19.1–19.4°C d–1 ). Late sowing also shortened growth duration and decreased ETc-act , with GW510 showing a 13.9 d shorter growth duration and GW425, GW430, GW505, and GW510 exhibiting 30.6, 36.0, 57.6, and 70.2 mm lower ETc-act , respectively, than GW420. Moderately late sowing (GW430) enhanced Gmax and maintained the active grain filling period (Tagp ). Late sowing increased WPc by 7.9 %, 16.8 %, 17.4 %, and 17.2 % in GW425, GW430, GW505, and GW510 (P<0.05), respectively, compared to GW420. While the grain yields of GW430 and SW420 did not significantly differ, GW430 had a higher WPc than SW420, indicating that moderately late sowing fully compensated for the decline in grain yield and WPc of groundwater-irrigated maize. Entropy-TOPSIS analysis revealed that GW430 is the optimal sowing date for groundwater-irrigated maize in arid regions of northwest China, offering a cost-effective method to mitigate GWI-induced GDDs loss and enhance WPc .
更新日期：2024-10-29
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