Dairy production systems with a high stocking density are strongly dependent on external feed resources and concentrate nutrients in manure on a small surface area, thus causing environmental challenges. Both improved manure management and integration of crop-dairy production have been proposed as ways to reduce nutrient losses and improve sustainability of intensive dairy production. However, the potential interactive relationships between these two options are rarely investigated.

中文翻译：

---

改进的粪污管理使环境指标之间的权衡和协同关系朝着理想的方向发展


饲养密度高的乳品生产系统严重依赖外部饲料资源，并将粪污中的营养物质集中在较小的表面积上，从而造成环境挑战。改进粪污管理和作物-奶牛生产整合已被提出作为减少营养损失和提高集约化奶牛生产可持续性的方法。但是，很少研究这两个选项之间的潜在交互关系。