Replant diseases (RDs), intraspecificnegativeplant–soilfeedback, often stem from nutrient deficiency, allelopathy, or pathogen accumulation. However, the RDs of certain crops are long-lasting and their causes remain unknown. We examined Panax quinquefolius RD in a space-for-time soil sequence representing crop rotation restoration over 1, 10, and 20 years using multiomics and bioassays. Compared with the soils with no ginseng cultivation history, we found 110 significant potential factors related to RD, surprisingly, 53 of which remained unrestored after 20 years. Soil pH and the levels of organic nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, and alditols), allelopathic-promoting metabolites (phenolic acids, amines, pyridines, etc.), and beneficial bacteria (Sphingomonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Terrabacter) and fungi (Acremonium, Penicillium, and Naganishia) decreased, while the levels of allelochemicals (pyruvic and fatty acids) increased. The expression of all metabolic pathways was significantly down-regulated, with the exception of the up-regulated fatty acid-related metabolic pathways. We confirmed that decreased organic nutrient levels and increased levels of allelochemicals impaired P. quinquefolius growth. Soil metabolic factors rather than microbial factors were dominant by network analysis. In conclusion, we found that the overall changes in nutrient levels and metabolic and microbial factors contributed to short-term RD (1–10 year) persistence, whereas long-term RD (after 20 years) primarily resulted from disordered soil metabolite levels and pathways. This research will help deepen our understanding of the relationship between RD and potential changes in the factors influencing RD that are caused by soil legacy effects of valuable plants and provide theoretical guidance for effective soil quality improvement.

中文翻译：

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土壤代谢紊乱导致再植病害（种内植物-土壤负反馈）：从研究人参作物后长达 20 年的土壤影响的实验中获得的见解


再植病 （RDs），种内消极植物-土壤反馈，通常源于养分缺乏、化感因素或病原体积累。然而，某些作物的 RD 是持久的，其原因仍然未知。我们使用多组学和生物测定法在代表 1 年、 10 年和 20 年的作物轮作恢复的时空土壤序列中检查了 Panax quinquefolius RD。与无人参栽培历史的土壤相比，我们发现了 110 个与 RD 相关的显著潜在因素，令人惊讶的是，其中 53 个在 20 年后仍未恢复。土壤 pH 值和有机养分（氨基酸、碳水化合物和醛醇）、促化感代谢物（酚酸、胺、吡啶等）和有益细菌（鞘氨醇、伯克霍尔德氏菌-卡巴列罗尼亚-Paraburkholderia 和 Terrabacter）和真菌（Acremonium、Penicillium 和 Naganishia）的水平降低，而化感物质（丙酮酸和脂肪酸）的水平增加。除脂肪酸相关代谢途径上调外，所有代谢途径的表达均显著下调。我们证实有机营养水平降低和化感物质水平升高会损害 P. quinquefolius 的生长。网络分析以土壤代谢因子为主，而非微生物因子。总之，我们发现养分水平和代谢和微生物因素的总体变化有助于短期 RD （1-10 年） 持续存在，而长期 RD （20 年后） 主要由土壤代谢物水平和途径紊乱引起。 本研究将有助于加深我们对 RD 与影响 RD 的因素之间关系的理解，这些因素是由有价值的植物的土壤遗留效应引起的，并为有效的土壤质量改善提供理论指导。