The codling moth, Cydia pomonella is an important pest that causes significant economic losses in apples and walnuts in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time in Türkiye, the resistance status and resistance mechanisms of codling moth, Cydia pomonella against indoxacarb, deltamethrin and emamectin benzoate. All apple orchard populations developed resistance ratios ranging from 3.38 to 22.37-fold to deltamethrin, 5.67–29.87-fold to indoxacarb and 1.46–3.05-fold to emamectin benzoate. The interaction of some synergists triphenyl phosphate (TPP), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) with indoxacarb and deltamethrin was analyzed in the susceptible, MAREM and Tepeli populations with moderate resistance to indoxacarb and deltamethrin. While indoxacarb + TPP showed a significant synergistic effect only in MAREM population, a significant synergistic effect was observed with indoxacarb + TPP and indoxacarb + PBO in Tepeli population. The activities of detoxifying enzymes [esterase, glutathion –S– transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450)] studied by biochemical methods showed some variation depending on the population. The results of biochemical analyses showed that esterase and GST enzyme activities of all populations was between 0.51 and 0.94, 0.77 and1.29 mOD min−1mg−1 proteins, respectively. The P450 enzyme activities ranged from 0.53 to 0.78, RFU min−1mg−1 proteins. In addition, the L1014F knockdown mutation (CTT to TTT) corresponding to leucine to phenylalanine amino acid substitution of the voltage-gated sodium channel in Cydia pomonella was determined in MAREM and Tepeli populations. It was determined that while MAREM and Tepeli populations developed moderate resistance, the other populations developed a low level resistance to deltamethrin and indoxacarb. On the other hand, all populations developed a low level resistance to emamectin benzoate. The P450 and esterase enzyme activities were significantly higher in MAREM and Tepeli populations which were resistant to deltamethrin and indoxacarb than the susceptible population. In addition, a Kdr point mutation L1014F was detected in the deltamethrin resistant MAREM and Tepeli populations.

中文翻译：

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从伊斯帕尔塔（土耳其）苹果园收集的 Cydia pomonella （L.） （鳞翅目：Tortricidae） 种群对某些杀虫剂的抗性比率和抗性机制的调查


苹果蠹蛾 Cydia pomonella 是一种重要的害虫，在世界上造成苹果和核桃的重大经济损失。本研究的目的是在土耳其首次调查苹果蠹蛾、Cydia pomonella 对茚虫威、溴氰菊酯和甲维菌素苯甲酸盐的耐药状态和耐药机制。所有苹果园种群对溴氰菊酯的耐药性比从 3.38 到 22.37 倍不等，对茚虫威的耐药性比为 5.67-29.87 倍，对甲维素苯甲酸盐的耐药性比为 1.46-3.05 倍。在对茚杀威和溴氰菊酯具有中度耐药性的易感人群中分析了一些增效剂磷酸三苯酯 （TPP）、胡椒酰丁醇酯 （PBO） 和马来酸二乙酯 （DEM） 与茚杀威和溴氰菊酯的相互作用。虽然茚杀威 + TPP 仅在 MAREM 人群中显示出显着的协同效应，但在 Tepeli 人群中观察到茚杀威 + TPP 和茚杀威 + PBO 具有显着的协同效应。通过生化方法研究的解毒酶 [酯酶、谷胱甘肽 –S– 转移酶 （GST） 和细胞色素 P450 单加氧酶 （P450）] 的活性显示出一些差异，具体取决于人群。生化分析结果表明，所有群体的酯酶和 GST 酶活性分别在 0.51 和 0.94、0.77 和 1.29 mOD min-1mg-1 蛋白质之间。P450 酶活性范围为 0.53 至 0.78，RFU min-1mg-1 蛋白。此外，在 MAREM 和 Tepeli 群体中测定了对应于 Cydia pomonella 中电压门控钠通道的亮氨酸到苯丙氨酸氨基酸取代的 L1014F 敲低突变 （CTT 到 TTT）。 经确定，虽然 MAREM 和 Tepeli 种群产生了中度耐药性，但其他种群对溴氰菊酯和茚虫威产生了低水平耐药性。另一方面，所有人群都对甲维菌素苯甲酸盐产生了低水平的耐药性。对溴氰菊酯和茚虫威耐药的 MAREM 和 Tepeli 群体的 P450 和酯酶活性显著高于易感人群。此外，在耐溴菊酯的 MAREM 和 Tepeli 群体中检测到 Kdr 点突变 L1014F。