Beryllium (Be), a lightweight metal with significant industrial applications, poses notable environmental and health risks due to its toxicity and persistence, and widespread use, particularly in the mechanical, aerospace, and electronics sectors. It is commonly alloyed with other heavy metals to enhance material properties. The primary environmental pathways for Be release include emissions from coal and fossil fuels combustion, as well as the incineration of solid wastes. Once introduced into the natural environment, primarily Be associated with soil particles and sediments, particularly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This review examined the pathways through which Be enters the environment, including atmospheric deposition, industrial discharge, and leaching from natural geologic deposits. The paper highlights the bioavailability and mobility of Be in soil and water systems, emphasizing the geochemical and physical factors influencing its persistence and potential for bioaccumulation. Risk appraisal methodologies are evaluated, with a focus on human exposure routes, including inhalation of airborne particulates and ingestion of contaminated water and food. The toxicological impacts on human health are critically analyzed, detailing both acute and chronic effects, such as respiratory diseases and carcinogenicity. This review evaluates existing regulatory frameworks and remediation strategies, assessing their efficacy in mitigating environmental contamination and exposure to Be. By integrating interdisciplinary research, this paper provides an in-depth understanding of the environmental behavior and toxicology of beryllium, offering insights that can inform robust policy frameworks and shape future research directions.

中文翻译：

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了解铍污染的进展：环境风险评估的新见解


铍 （Be） 是一种具有重要工业应用的轻质金属，由于其毒性和持久性以及广泛使用，特别是在机械、航空航天和电子领域，因此会带来显著的环境和健康风险。它通常与其他重金属形成合金以增强材料性能。铍释放的主要环境途径包括煤炭和化石燃料燃烧的排放，以及固体废物的焚烧。一旦引入自然环境，主要与土壤颗粒和沉积物有关，特别是在陆地和水生生态系统中。本综述研究了 Be 进入环境的途径，包括大气沉降、工业排放和自然地质沉积物的浸出。本文强调了 Be 在土壤和水系统中的生物利用度和流动性，强调了影响其持久性和生物积累潜力的地球化学和物理因素。评估风险评估方法，重点关注人类暴露途径，包括吸入空气中的颗粒物和摄入受污染的水和食物。批判性地分析了毒理学对人类健康的影响，详细说明了急性和慢性影响，例如呼吸系统疾病和致癌性。本综述评估了现有的监管框架和补救策略，评估了它们在减轻环境污染和铍暴露方面的效果。通过整合跨学科研究，本文提供了对铍的环境行为和毒理学的深入理解，为稳健的政策框架和塑造未来的研究方向提供了见解。