The management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is undergoing transformational changes due to the emergence of various novel immunotherapies and their combination with image-guided locoregional therapies. In this setting, immunotherapy is expected to become one of the standards of care in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings across all disease stages of HCC. Currently, more than 50 ongoing prospective clinical trials are investigating various end points for the combination of immunotherapy with both percutaneous and catheter-directed therapies. This review will outline essential tumor microenvironment mechanisms responsible for disease evolution and therapy resistance, discuss the rationale for combining locoregional therapy with immunotherapy, summarize ongoing clinical trials, and report on developing imaging end points and novel biomarkers that are relevant to both diagnostic and interventional radiologists participating in the management of HCC.

中文翻译：

---

介入肿瘤学与免疫肿瘤学的结合：肝细胞癌的联合疗法。


由于各种新型免疫疗法的出现及其与图像引导局部区域疗法的结合，肝细胞癌 （HCC） 的管理正在发生变革性变化。在这种情况下，免疫治疗有望成为 HCC 所有疾病阶段的新辅助和辅助治疗的标准护理之一。目前，超过 50 项正在进行的前瞻性临床试验正在研究免疫疗法与经皮和导管靶向疗法相结合的不同终点。本综述将概述导致疾病演变和治疗耐药性的基本肿瘤微环境机制，讨论将局部区域治疗与免疫治疗相结合的基本原理，总结正在进行的临床试验，并报告开发与参与 HCC 管理的诊断和介入放射科医生相关的成像终点和新型生物标志物。