Population outbreaks are characterized by irruptive changes in population density and connectivity resulting in rapid demographic and spatial expansion, often at the landscape scale. Outbreaks are common across multiple taxa, many of which inhabit northern ecosystems. Outbreaks of Lepidopteran defoliators in forest ecosystems are a particularly compelling example of this phenomenon, given the massive spatial scales over which these outbreaks can occur, their frequency, and socioeconomic impacts. The eastern spruce budworm (SBW) is a native outbreaking Lepidopteran defoliator of North American boreal forests. Cyclic outbreaks of the SBW influence ecosystem functioning and resilience, as well as forest productivity, timber supply, and other socioeconomic values related to management and mitigation. Despite these significant impacts, the ecological and biological drivers and outcomes of these outbreaks remain poorly understood. Here, we present an extensive genotypic dataset for 1998 geo‐referenced SBW individuals collected between the years of 2012 and 2017, during the rising and peak phases of an outbreak that began approximately in 2006. Our sampling covers an unprecedented scope in the extent and number of individuals collected between 2012 and 2017 from Quebec, and in 2015 from New Brunswick (Canada) and from Maine (USA), from multiple SBW life stages, including early and late instar larvae (L2–L6), pupae, and adult moths. Genomic DNA extraction was followed by library preparation and high‐throughput sequencing using Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS). Samples were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and aligned to the bw6 version of the SBW genome. This dataset represents one of the most extensive genotypic datasets to date for a boreal insect and is unique as it includes multiple years during a developing (ongoing, at time of sampling) outbreak. Sampling effort covered areas close to the epicenter of the outbreak (Quebec/Canada) and adjacent areas affected by the outbreak progress. This dataset also provides genome‐wide characterization of SBW populations from Quebec, serving as a standard for the identification of future samples regarding their locality of origin, structure and connectivity. These data represent a valuable novel resource for further study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of SBW, and how spatial genetic diversity and gene flow are affected by population outbreaks. These data provide a temporal snapshot of SBW genetic diversity, which can serve as baseline for future studies regarding outbreaks, and the impact of human‐induced environmental changes on complex population dynamics. This genotype dataset comprises a unique representation of genomic‐level composition and variation observed in subsequent generations of an irruptive, cyclic outbreaking species and is of utmost importance for exploring and describing how accelerated demographic variation impacts the development of spatial genetic structure across heterogeneous landscapes. We believe this dataset is essential to management and conservation biology initiatives not only for SBW and boreal forests but also for providing a starting point for broader evolutionary and ecological studies of complex population dynamics. Furthermore, the knowledge, data collection, and curation framework we present here can be used to inform similar spatial temporal baseline studies of other outbreaking (e.g., mountain pine beetle, red‐backed voles) and invasive species (e.g., spongy moth and emerald ash borer). The data are released under a CC BY 4.0 license.

中文翻译：

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来自魁北克及邻近地区的东部云杉芽虫暴发种群的多年基因型特征


人发的特点是人口密度和连通性的不规则变化，导致人口和空间的快速扩张，通常是在景观规模上。多个分类群都经常爆发，其中许多分类群栖息在北部生态系统中。考虑到这些爆发可能发生的巨大空间尺度、频率和社会经济影响，森林生态系统中鳞翅目落叶虫的爆发是这种现象的一个特别引人注目的例子。东部云杉芽虫 （SBW） 是北美北方森林的本地爆发鳞翅目落叶剂。SBW 的周期性爆发会影响生态系统的功能和复原力，以及森林生产力、木材供应和其他与管理和缓解相关的社会经济价值。尽管存在这些重大影响，但人们对这些疫情的生态和生物驱动因素和结果仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们展示了 2012 年至 2017 年间收集的 1998 个地理参考 SBW 个体的广泛基因型数据集，当时大约从 2006 年开始的疫情处于上升和高峰阶段。我们的抽样涵盖了 2012 年至 2017 年期间从魁北克省、2015 年从新不伦瑞克省（加拿大）和缅因州（美国）收集的个体的范围和数量，这些个体来自多个 SBW 生命阶段，包括早期和晚期幼虫 （L2-L6）、蛹和成虫飞蛾。基因组 DNA 提取后，使用 Genotyping-by-Sequencing （GBS） 进行文库制备和高通量测序。对样本进行单核苷酸多态性 （SNP） 基因分型，并与 SBW 基因组的 bw6 版本比对。 该数据集是迄今为止最广泛的北方昆虫基因型数据集之一，并且是独一无二的，因为它包括了发展中（持续，采样时）爆发期间的多年。采样工作覆盖了疫情中心附近地区（魁北克/加拿大）和受疫情进展影响的邻近地区。该数据集还提供了来自魁北克的 SBW 种群的全基因组特征，作为识别未来样本的起源位置、结构和连通性的标准。这些数据为进一步研究 SBW 的时空动态以及空间遗传多样性和基因流动如何受到种群爆发的影响提供了宝贵的新资源。这些数据提供了 SBW 遗传多样性的时间快照，可以作为未来关于爆发以及人为引起的环境变化对复群动态的影响的研究的基线。该基因型数据集包含在不规则的、循环性爆发物种的后续世代中观察到的基因组水平组成和变异的独特表示，对于探索和描述加速的人口变异如何影响异质景观的空间遗传结构的发展至关重要。我们相信，该数据集不仅对 SBW 和北方森林的管理和保护生物学计划至关重要，而且为复群动态的更广泛进化和生态研究提供了一个起点。此外，我们在这里介绍的知识、数据收集和管理框架可用于为其他爆发的类似时空基线研究提供信息（例如、山松甲虫、红背田鼠）和入侵物种（例如海绵蛾和翡翠灰蛀虫）。数据在 CC BY 4.0 许可证下发布。