Developing a building-compatible radiative cooler that exhibits an all-day subambient cooling effect and maintains a clean surface for long-term stability is challenging. This study proposes a liquid marble-derived core–shell particle (LM-CSP) that combines excellent anti-wetting capability, efficient and durable daytime radiative cooling properties, and compatibility with building materials. A series of LM-CSP coated samples were fabricated with varying dosages of BaSO4 and water-repellent agents, as well as different coating thicknesses. Comprehensive characterization of the as-prepared samples revealed that the optimal LM-CSP exhibited a solar reflectance of 91 % with a mid-infrared emissivity of 0.97 and a water contact angle of ∼151.9° with a roll-off angle of ∼7.8°, respectively. In-depth analyses using XRD, FT-IR, TGA/DTG, and XPS elucidated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhanced optical and wetting properties of the LM-CSP. The exceptional durability of the LM-CSP was validated by its subambient cooling effects after being contaminated with muddy slurry (subambient temperature drop of ∼5.4 °C) and after being rain-washed (subambient temperature drop of ∼2.1 °C). EnergyPlus simulations were employed to assess the year-round energy-saving potential of the LM-CSP, and a life-cycle economic and environmental analysis was performed to guide the practical application. The findings of this study are expected to provide new insights into functional cementitious materials with efficient and durable cooling capabilities, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable building design and energy efficiency.

中文翻译：

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水泥质核壳颗粒具有优化的辐射和抗润湿性能，可实现高效耐用的被动建筑冷却


开发一种与建筑兼容的辐射冷却器，使其具有全天低于环境温度的冷却效果，并保持清洁的表面以实现长期稳定性，这是一项挑战。本研究提出了一种液态大理石衍生的核壳颗粒 （LM-CSP），它结合了出色的抗润湿能力、高效耐用的日间辐射冷却性能以及与建筑材料的相容性。用不同剂量的 BaSO4 和憎水剂以及不同的涂层厚度制备了一系列 LM-CSP 涂层样品。对制备样品的综合表征表明，最佳 LM-CSP 的太阳反射率为 91%，中红外发射率为 0.97，水接触角为 ∼151.9°，滚降角为 ∼7.8°。使用 XRD、FT-IR、TGA/DTG 和 XPS 进行深入分析，阐明了导致 LM-CSP 增强光学和润湿性能的潜在机制。LM-CSP 在被泥浆污染（低于室温下降 ∼5.4 °C）和雨淋冲洗（低于室温下降 ∼2.1 °C）后的低温冷却效果验证了 LM-CSP 的卓越耐用性。采用 EnergyPlus 模拟来评估 LM-CSP 的全年节能潜力，并进行生命周期经济和环境分析以指导实际应用。这项研究的结果有望为具有高效耐用冷却能力的功能性水泥材料提供新的见解，最终有助于推进可持续建筑设计和能源效率。