Manure substitution shows promise for nitrogen (N) management, food security, energy balance and environmental costs reduction. However, there is limited research on this practice in the Huanghuaihai Plain. This study aimed to investigate the energy use efficiency, economic benefits, carbon and nitrogen footprint under two types of N fertilizer (U, urea and M, organic manure), two application rates of N (180 kg N ha−1, U1 for 100 % urea and M1 for 100 % organic manure; 90 kg N ha−1, U2 for 50 % urea and M2 for 50 % organic manure) and no fertilizer application treatment (CK) for winter wheat from 2017 to 2019. Results showed that grain yield and agricultural input cost under N application rate of 90 kg N ha−1 was 15.5 % and 7.8 % lower than that of 180 kg N ha−1, respectively, leading to a significant decrease in economic benefit. Under the same N rate, M1 obtained higher grain yield than U1, grain yield of M2 did no differ in that of U2. Total energy inputs and agricultural input costs of M were 9.5 % and 3.6 % lower than U, resulting in higher energy use efficiency and economic benefit. The reduced agricultural input for M was primarily due to a decrease in the application of inorganic fertilizer. Compared with other treatments, U2+M2 obtained higher grain yield, energy use efficiency, and economic benefit. The carbon and nitrogen footprint on unit grain yield of U1 was increased by 13.7 %-24.1 % and 3.9 %-19.6 %, which was attributed to the increase in direct N2O emissions, indirect carbon emission and losses of reactive N from agricultural inputs. Overall, U2+M2 sustained high productivity and reduced the environmental impact. Substituting inorganic fertilizer with organic manure was a promising strategy to improve agricultural production with less agricultural inputs and environmental footprints in the Huanghuaihai Plain.

中文翻译：

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黄淮海平原冬小麦有机肥替代无机肥的能源、环境足迹及经济效益


粪污替代有望实现氮 （N） 管理、粮食安全、能源平衡和降低环境成本。然而，对黄淮海平原这种做法的研究有限。本研究旨在调查 2017 年至 2019 年冬小麦两种氮肥（U、尿素和 M，有机肥）、两种氮肥施用量（180 kg N ha−1，U1 为 100 % 尿素和 M1,90 kg N ha−1，U2 为 50 % 有机肥和 M2 为 50 % 有机肥）和不施肥处理 （CK） 下的能源利用效率、经济效益、碳和氮足迹。结果表明，施氮量为 90 kg N ha−1 的粮食产量和农业投入成本分别比 180 kg N ha−1 低 15.5 % 和 7.8 %，导致经济效益显著降低。在相同的 N 用量下，M1 获得的籽粒产量高于 U1，M2 的籽粒产量与 U2 的籽粒产量没有差异。M 的总能源投入和农业投入成本比 U 低 9.5 % 和 3.6 %，从而提高能源利用效率和经济效益。M 的农业投入减少主要是由于无机肥料施用量减少。与其他处理相比，U2+M2 获得了更高的粮食产量、能源利用效率和经济效益。U1 单位粮产量的碳氮足迹分别增加了 13.7 %-24.1 % 和 3.9 %-19.6 %，这是由于直接 N2O 排放、间接碳排放和农业投入品活性氮损失的增加。总体而言，U2+M2 保持了高生产率并减少了对环境的影响。 在黄淮海平原，用有机肥替代无机肥料是一种很有前途的策略，可以减少农业投入和环境足迹，从而提高农业生产水平。