The baking industry requires a high level of uniformity in flour quality to meet its demands. Cereal production and nutritional traits are tightly conditioned by genotype and environmental factors. In the current study, the impact of temperature and rainfall on yield and end-use quality of two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Camargo and Marcopolo) was analysed under field conditions. To do that a 2-year experiment (2018–2019) was carried out in three contrasting agro-climatic environments in Navarra (northern Spain). The results revealed that year (Y) (linked with temperature and precipitation) was the main factor controlling most crop agronomic performance parameters. Further, genotype (G), G x E, G x Y and the triple interaction had significant effects in the studied grain quality parameters, suggesting a well-differentiated response to different environments between both cultivars. More specifically, Marcopolo was more affected by drought, decreasing grain yield and starch but increasing quality parameters (protein, gluten and N content and dough extensibility (alveograph L) and dough baking strength (alveograph W). On the other hand, only heatwave affected protein and N and gluten content in the Camargo cultivar. Nitrogen content in grain was selected as a potential small-scale rapid parameter to predict quality traits due to its high correlation with protein and gluten content and alveograph W with correlations higher than r = 0.85. Finally, the C isotopic discrimination (Δ13C) and N isotope composition (δ15N) determinations showed that while Δ13C was the best trait predicting grain yield, δ15N was significantly correlated with some important end-use quality parameters. In summary, the current study underscores the fact that alongside a direct impact on crop yield, heat and water stress are target factors conditioning wheat grain quality traits.

中文翻译：

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水分胁迫和热浪条件下两个面包小麦品种最终使用品质参数的变化


烘焙行业需要面粉质量的高度均匀性才能满足其需求。谷物生产和营养特性受到基因型和环境因素的严格制约。在目前的研究中，在田间条件下分析了温度和降雨量对两种面包小麦 （Triticum aestivum L.） 品种 （Camargo 和 Marcopolo） 的产量和最终使用质量的影响。为此，在纳瓦拉（西班牙北部）的三个截然不同的农业气候环境中进行了一项为期 2 年的实验（2018-2019 年）。结果表明，年份 （Y）（与温度和降水有关）是控制大多数作物农艺性能参数的主要因素。此外，基因型 （G）、G x E、G x Y 和三重相互作用对所研究的谷物品质参数有显着影响，表明两个品种对不同环境的反应差异很大。更具体地说，Marcopolo 受干旱的影响更大，谷物产量和淀粉降低，但质量参数（蛋白质、面筋和氮含量以及面团延展性 （alveograph L） 和面团烘烤强度 （alveograph W））增加。另一方面，只有热浪影响了 Camargo 品种中的蛋白质、氮和面筋含量。由于谷物中的氮含量与蛋白质和面筋含量高度相关，因此选择谷物中的氮含量作为预测品质性状的潜在小尺度快速参数，而齿槽图 W 的相关性高于 r = 0.85。最后，C 同位素鉴别 （Δ13C） 和 N 同位素组成 （δ15N） 测定表明，虽然 Δ13C 是预测粮食产量的最佳性状，但 δ15N 与一些重要的最终用途质量参数显著相关。 总之，目前的研究强调了这样一个事实，即除了对作物产量的直接影响外，热量和水胁迫是影响小麦籽粒品质性状的目标因素。