Investments in wildfire management are increasing globally; however, frequent and intense fires continue to threaten humans and natural systems. Moreover, comprehensive assessments of fire damage and cost are lacking. Current fire risk is considered moderate compared to that under global warming of 1.5 °C. Several works link rising fire risk to the fire exclusion paradigm, land use, and climate change. The multifaceted nature of the global wildfire activity requires holistic, integrative perspectives to stimulate novel solutions. This review elucidated the transformative changes in the human-fire relationship that led to the globalization of the fire exclusion policies and emergence of a complex global fire activity. The use of fire in the impetus toward industrialization and its management thereafter was at the expense of millions dispossessed of their land, curtailing development of their knowledge domains, introducing inequality, and poverty, which enhanced the reliance on fire as a tool to meet the livelihood needs within a fire exclusion policy environment. Industrialization marked the beginning of climate change-fire positive feedback loops that enhanced vulnerability worldwide. Current evidence shows that not all frequently burnt areas are major sources of emissions. The potential to use fire exclusion for emission reduction could downplay further the role of fire in carbon storage, ecological processes and land use fire needs, increasing reliance on “covert fire use practices,” and exacerbating incidents of large fires that surpass fire suppression capabilities given the contribution of climate change on fire risk. The globally complex fire activity points to the need for adaptive, participatory, multi-level, polycentric governance approaches.

中文翻译：

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全球野火活动再度审视


全球对野火管理的投资正在增加;然而，频繁而强烈的火灾继续威胁着人类和自然系统。此外，缺乏对火灾损失和成本的全面评估。与全球升温 1.5 °C 相比，目前的火灾风险被认为是中等的。 一些作品将不断上升的火灾风险与防火范式、土地利用和气候变化联系起来。全球野火活动的多面性需要整体、综合的视角来激发新的解决方案。这篇综述阐明了人火关系的变革性变化，这些变化导致了防火政策的全球化和复杂的全球火灾活动的出现。在推动工业化及其后续管理过程中，使用火是以牺牲数百万人失去土地为代价的，限制了他们知识领域的发展，引入了不平等和贫困，这加剧了对火作为满足灭火政策环境中生计需求的工具的依赖。工业化标志着气候变化-火灾正反馈循环的开始，这加剧了全球的脆弱性。目前的证据表明，并非所有经常燃烧的地区都是主要的排放源。利用防火措施减少排放的潜力可能会进一步淡化火灾在碳储存、生态过程和土地使用火灾需求中的作用，增加对“隐蔽消防使用做法”的依赖，并加剧超过灭火能力的大型火灾事件，鉴于气候变化对火灾风险的贡献。全球复杂的火灾活动表明需要适应性、参与性、多层次、多中心的治理方法。