Aqueous divalent manganese (Mn)-ion batteries are beginning to get more attention because of the abundant resources, low costs, environmental friendliness, and low reactivity of manganese in aqueous solution. Yet, the huge polarization of the Mn anode still exists, which is undesirable for practical applications. Thus, developing high-performance anode has remained a challenge. Herein, we explore the use of industrial pigment red 224, Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) as anode host for Mn²⁺ with high-rate capacity. Additionally, the concentration of the electrolyte is observed to affect the cycling stability due to the co-insertion of hydronium ion, and PTCDA has a best lifespan in a low-concentration electrolyte of 0.1 M MnSO₄. A reversible contraction/expansion phenomenon in main crystallographic directions during Mn²⁺ into/out PTCDA crystal structures is demonstrated by experimental and theoretical results. Moreover, a “rocking-chair” Mn-ion battery is fabricated based on PTCDA anode and high-entropy Mn-based hexacyanoferrate (Mn-HEPBA) cathode. The Mn-HEPBA||PTCDA full cell delivers a high energy density of 98.8 Wh kg⁻¹. This work will promote the further investigation of Mn-based aqueous rechargeable batteries.

中文翻译：

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基于工业颜料阳极的水性“摇椅”锰离子电池


由于锰在水溶液中的资源丰富、成本低、环境友好和反应性低，二价锰 （Mn） 离子电池开始受到更多关注。然而，锰阳极的巨大极化仍然存在，这对于实际应用来说是不可取的。因此，开发高性能阳极仍然是一个挑战。在此，我们探索了使用工业颜料红 224，苝-3,4,9,10-四羧酸二酐 （PTCDA） 作为具有高倍率容量的 Mn²⁺ 的阳极主体。此外，由于水合氢离子的共插入，观察到电解质的浓度会影响循环稳定性，并且 PTCDA 在 0.1 M MnSO₄ 的低浓度电解质中具有最佳使用寿命。实验和理论结果证明了在 Mn²⁺ 进/出 PTCDA 晶体结构过程中，主要晶体方向上的可逆收缩/膨胀现象。此外，基于 PTCDA 阳极和高熵 Mn 基六氰铁酸盐 （Mn-HEPBA） 阴极制造了“摇椅式”Mn-ion 电池。锰-HEPBA||PTCDA 全电池提供 98.8 Wh ^kg-1 的高能量密度。这项工作将促进 Mn 基水性可充电电池的进一步研究。