Human activities are swiftly reshaping ecosystems, and the simultaneous rise of urbanization and plant invasions has become a significant challenge that jeopardizes both global biodiversity and ecosystem function. Deadwood is an important provider of biodiversity and carbon storage, yet it remains unknown how urbanization and plant invasion affect wood-inhabiting taxa and decomposition rates, separately and interactively. Here we conducted a two-year wood decomposition experiment using Acer saccharum and Pinus strobus at 19 paired invaded and uninvaded plots along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. We assessed the individual and combined effects of urbanization and plant invasion by Vincetoxicum rossicum on the community composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi and insects, as well as on wood decomposition rates, which are partly driven by these taxa. Our results show that urbanization had individual effects on the diversity of all three taxa and on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Plant invasion individually affected fungal and insect diversity. Interactive effects of urbanization and plant invasion occurred only for fungal diversity in Pinus strobus. Wood decomposition rates varied by tree species, with urbanization accelerating the rates for Pinus strobus but not Acer saccharum. Fungi were the only taxon that significantly influenced wood decomposition. Our findings together indicate that urbanization and plant invasion lead to changes in deadwood-inhabiting communities and decomposition processes, yet their interactive effects are of minor importance. They also show that these effects differ between tree species. Hence, integrating the combined effects of various anthropogenic drivers and different tree species is crucial for developing effective strategies to restore and sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in urban landscapes.

中文翻译：

---

城市化和植物入侵对枯木生物群落和分解速率的树种依赖性影响


人类活动正在迅速重塑生态系统，城市化和植物入侵同时兴起已成为危及全球生物多样性和生态系统功能的重大挑战。枯木是生物多样性和碳储存的重要提供者，但城市化和植物入侵如何单独和互动地影响栖息于木材的分类群和分解速率仍然未知。在这里，我们在加拿大多伦多城市化梯度沿线的 19 对入侵和非入侵地块中使用 Acer saccharum 和 Pinus strobus 进行了为期两年的木材分解实验。我们评估了城市化和玫瑰长春菌入侵植物对细菌、真菌和昆虫群落组成和多样性以及木材分解速率的单独和综合影响，这部分是由这些分类群驱动的。我们的结果表明，城市化对所有三个分类群的多样性以及细菌和真菌群落的组成都有个体影响。植物入侵单独影响了真菌和昆虫的多样性。城市化和植物入侵的交互效应仅发生在 Pinus strobus 的真菌多样性中。木材分解速率因树种而异，城市化加速了 Pinus strobus 的分解速率，但 Acer saccharum 没有。真菌是唯一对木材分解产生重大影响的分类群。我们的研究结果共同表明，城市化和植物入侵导致枯木栖息群落和分解过程发生变化，但它们的交互影响并不重要。他们还表明，这些影响因树种而异。 因此，整合各种人为驱动因素和不同树种的综合影响对于制定有效策略以恢复和维持城市景观中的生物多样性和生态系统功能至关重要。