Since their domestication, horses have accompanied mankind, and humans have constantly shaped horses according to their needs through stallion-centered breeding. Consequently, the male-specific portion of the Y chromosome (MSY) is extremely uniform in modern horse breeds. The majority of stallions worldwide carry MSY haplotypes (HT) attributed to an only ~1,500-y-old, so-called, “Crown” haplogroup. The predominance of the Crown in modern horse breeds is thought to represent a footprint of the vast impact of stallions of “Oriental origin” in the past millennium. Here, we report the results of a fine-scaled MSY haplotyping of large datasets of patrilines comprising 1,517 males of 189 modern horse breeds, covering a broad phenotypic and geographic spectrum. We can disentangle the multilayered influence of Oriental stallions over the last few hundred years, exposing the intense linebreeding and the wide-ranging impact of Arabian, English Thoroughbred, and Coldblood sires. Iberian and New World horse breeds contain a wide range of diversified Crown lineages. Their broad HT spectrum illustrates the spread of horses of Oriental origin via the Iberian Peninsula after the Middle Ages, which is commonly referred to as the “Spanish influence.” Our survey also revealed a second major historical dissemination of horses from Western Asia, attributed to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Our analysis shows that MSY analysis can uncover the complex history of horse breeds and can be used to establish the paternal ancestry of modern horse breeds.

中文翻译：

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过去 1,500 年中通过 Y 染色体的镜头了解东方马的全球传播


自驯化以来，马一直陪伴着人类，人类通过以种马为中心的育种，不断根据自己的需要塑造马匹。因此，Y 染色体 （MSY） 的雄性特异性部分在现代马种中极为均匀。世界上大多数种马都带有 MSY 单倍型 （HT），这归因于一个只有 ~1,500 岁、所谓的“皇冠”单倍群。皇冠在现代马种中的优势被认为代表了过去一千年“东方血统”种马的巨大影响。在这里，我们报告了大型父系数据集的精细 MSY 单倍分型的结果，该数据集包括 1,517 个现代马种的 1,517 只雄性，涵盖了广泛的表型和地理光谱。我们可以解开过去几百年来东方种马的多层次影响，揭示阿拉伯、英国纯种和冷血公马的激烈血统育种和广泛影响。伊比利亚马和新世界马品种包含广泛多样的皇冠血统。他们广泛的 HT 谱说明了中世纪后东方血统的马通过伊比利亚半岛的传播，这通常被称为“西班牙影响”。我们的调查还揭示了西亚马匹的第二个主要历史传播，这归因于奥斯曼帝国的扩张。我们的分析表明，MSY 分析可以揭示马品种的复杂历史，并可用于确定现代马品种的父系祖先。