The last two decades have seen great advances in the study of social learning (learning from others), in part due to efforts to identify it in the wild as the basis of behavioral traditions. Theoretical frameworks suggest that both the dynamics of social tolerance and transmission biases (or social learning strategies) influence the pathways of information diffusion in social groups. Bearded capuchins ( Sapajus libidinosus ) inhabiting the semiarid seasonal caatinga biome of the Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP) form highly tolerant societies that possess the largest “tool-kit” described for monkeys, a feat likely facilitated by social learning. Here, we used social network analysis and an open diffusion experiment using an extractive foraging task to identify the occurrence of social learning and describe the pathways of social transmission of information in two wild primate populations. The dynamics of social tolerance outside of task introductions predicted opportunities for social learning, but it was tolerance during task introductions that predicted the actual pathways of social information diffusion. Our results also indicated that the capuchins mainly learned from others via direct observation and naïve individuals exhibited an observation bias toward successful males. This study supports the claims of cultural transmission in robust capuchins and empirically supports the role of social tolerance and social learning strategies in human and nonhuman primate cultural evolution.

中文翻译：

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社会宽容和偏向成功的社会学习是野生工具灵长类动物诱导采掘觅食传统的文化传播的基础


在过去的二十年里，社会学习（向他人学习）的研究取得了巨大进步，部分原因是人们努力将其在野外识别为行为传统的基础。理论框架表明，社会容忍的动态和传播偏差（或社会学习策略）都会影响社会群体中信息传播的途径。居住在卡皮瓦拉山国家公园 （SCNP） 半干旱季节性 caatinga 生物群落中的胡须卷尾猴 （ Sapajus libidinosus ） 形成了高度宽容的社会，拥有为猴子描述的最大“工具包”，这一壮举可能由社会学习促进。在这里，我们使用社交网络分析和使用提取性觅食任务的开放扩散实验来识别社会学习的发生并描述两种野生灵长类动物种群中信息的社会传递途径。任务介绍之外的社会容忍动态预测了社会学习的机会，但任务介绍期间的容忍预测了社会信息传播的实际途径。我们的结果还表明，卷尾猴主要通过直接观察向他人学习，天真的个体对成功的雄性表现出观察偏向。这项研究支持健壮的卷尾猴文化传播的说法，并从实证上支持社会容忍和社会学习策略在人类和非人类灵长类动物文化进化中的作用。