Cultivation studies evaluating land-use histories and coevolutionary dynamics between humans and plants focus predominantly on domesticated species. Traditional anthropological divisions of “foragers” and “farmers” have shaped our understanding of ancient cultivation practices but have several limitations, including how people stewarded and managed nondomesticated species. To investigate the long-term effects of plant management in the Pacific Northwest, this study focuses on beaked hazelnut ( Corylus cornuta ) which has a long, precolonial history of management, transportation, and cultivation in British Columbia (BC, Canada). In particular, isolated hazelnut populations in northwestern BC are thought to be the result of historical transplanting and management. We sampled individual hazelnuts (n = 219) representing three distinct regions in and assessed 9,650 genome-wide SNPs identified with nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing libraries to test for population genetic structure. We used linear measurements of individuals to assess morphological phenotypes and to identify variation between individuals and lineages. These data reveal shared genetic clusters in distant and disjunct northwestern and interior regions consistent with the movement of humans across the landscape. We also find several small genetically distinct populations in the northwestern region. The Genetic structure of hazelnut in the previously labeled “disjunct” region in Gitxsan, Ts’msyen, and Nis g a’a homelands is consistent with the enduring influence of people on the distribution of purportedly “wild” plant species. Our results support the hypothesis that hazelnut was likely transplanted long distances and also managed in situ. This study highlights the often-overlooked agency of Indigenous Peoples in shaping species range distributions in North America.

中文翻译：

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北美西部榛子（Corylus cornuta、Betulaceae）的遗传分化和前殖民地土著种植


评估土地利用历史和人类与植物之间的协同进化动力学的栽培研究主要集中在驯化物种上。传统的人类学对“觅食者”和“农民”的划分塑造了我们对古代耕作方式的理解，但也存在一些局限性，包括人们如何管理和管理非驯化物种。为了调查太平洋西北部植物管理的长期影响，本研究重点关注喙榛子 （ Corylus cornuta ），它在不列颠哥伦比亚省（加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省）有着悠久的前殖民地管理、运输和种植历史。特别是，不列颠哥伦比亚省西北部孤立的榛子种群被认为是历史上移植和管理的结果。我们对代表三个不同区域的单个榛子 （n = 219） 进行了采样，并评估了使用 nextRAD 测序文库进行基因分型鉴定的 9,650 个全基因组 SNP，以测试群体遗传结构。我们使用个体的线性测量来评估形态表型并确定个体和谱系之间的差异。这些数据揭示了遥远和分离的西北和内陆地区的共享遗传集群，与人类在景观中的移动一致。我们还在西北部地区发现了几个遗传不同的小种群。榛子的遗传结构位于先前标记的 Gitxsan、Ts'msyen 和 Nis g a'a 家园的“分离”地区，这与人类对据称“野生”植物物种分布的持久影响是一致的。我们的结果支持榛子可能被长距离移植并且也在原位管理的假设。 这项研究强调了土著人民在塑造北美物种分布方面经常被忽视的作用。