Shock breakout is the first electromagnetic signal from supernovae (SNe), which contains important information on the explosion energy and the size and chemical composition of the progenitor star. This paper presents the first two-dimensional (2D) multiwavelength radiation hydrodynamics simulations of SN 1987A shock breakout by using the CASTRO code with the OPAL opacity table considering eight photon groups from infrared to X-ray. To investigate the impact of the pre-SN environment of SN 1987A, we consider three possible circumstellar medium environments: a steady wind, an eruptive mass loss, and the existence of a companion star. In sum, the resulting breakout light curve has an hour-long duration and a peak luminosity of ∼4 × 10⁴⁶ erg s⁻¹, with a decay rate of ∼3.5 mag hr⁻¹ in X-ray. The dominant band transits to UV around 3 hr after the initial breakout, and its luminosity has a decay rate of ∼1.5 mag hr⁻¹ that agrees well with the observed shock breakout tail. The detailed features of breakout emission are sensitive to the pre-explosion environment. Furthermore, our 2D simulations demonstrate the importance of multidimensional mixing and its impacts on shock dynamics and radiation emission. The mixing emerging from the shock breakout may lead to a global asymmetry of SN ejecta and affect its later SN remnant formation.

中文翻译：

---

SN 1987A 激波突围的多维辐射流体动力学模拟


激波突围是来自超新星 （SNe） 的第一个电磁信号，其中包含有关爆炸能量以及祖星大小和化学成分的重要信息。本文通过使用 CASTRO 码和 OPAL 不透明度表，考虑了从红外到 X 射线的八个光子群，首次提出了 SN 1987A 激波爆发的二维 （2D） 多波长辐射流体动力学模拟。为了研究 SN 1987A 的 SN 前环境的影响，我们考虑了三种可能的星际介质环境：稳定风、喷发质量损失和伴星的存在。总之，由此产生的突破光曲线具有长达一小时的持续时间和峰值光度 ∼4 × 10⁴⁶ erg ^s-1，在 X 射线中的衰减率为 ∼3.5 mag ^hr-1。优势带在初次突破后约 3 小时过渡到紫外光，其光度的衰减率约为 1.5 等 hr⁻¹，这与观察到的激波突破尾部非常吻合。突破发射的详细特征对爆炸前的环境很敏感。此外，我们的 2D 仿真证明了多维混合的重要性及其对激波动力学和辐射发射的影响。从冲击爆发中出现的混合可能导致 SN 喷射物的整体不对称性，并影响其后来的 SN 残余物的形成。