Overcoming both modeling and computational challenges, we present, for the first time, the extended surface-brightness distribution model of a strongly lensed source in a complex galaxy-cluster-scale system. We exploit the high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging and extensive Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer spectroscopy to build an extended strong-lensing model, in a full multiplane formalism, of SDSS J1029+2623, a lens cluster at z = 0.588 with three multiple images of a background quasar (z = 2.1992). Going beyond typical cluster strong-lensing modeling techniques, we include as observables both the positions of 26 pointlike multiple images from seven background sources, spanning a wide redshift range between 1.02 and 5.06, and the extended surface-brightness distribution of the strongly lensed quasar host galaxy, over ∼78,000 HST pixels. In addition, we model the light distribution of seven objects, angularly close to the strongly lensed quasar host, over ∼9300 HST pixels. Our extended lens model reproduces well both the observed intensity and morphology of the quasar host galaxy in the HST F160W band (with a 0.″03 pixel scale). The reconstructed source shows a single, compact, and smooth surface-brightness distribution, for which we estimate an intrinsic magnitude of 23.3 ± 0.1 in the F160W band and a half-light radius of (2.39 ± 0.03) kpc. The increased number of observables enables the accurate determination of the total mass of line-of-sight halos lying angularly close to the extended arc. This work paves the way for a new generation of galaxy cluster strong-lens models, where additional, complementary lensing observables are directly incorporated as model constraints.

中文翻译：

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星系团强透镜的下一步：模拟多重成像源的表面亮度* * 这项工作在很大程度上基于 ESO 甚大望远镜（项目编号 ID 0102.A-0642（A））和美国宇航局哈勃太空望远镜收集的数据。


克服了建模和计算方面的挑战，我们首次提出了复杂星系团尺度系统中强透镜光源的扩展表面亮度分布模型。我们利用高分辨率哈勃太空望远镜 （HST） 成像和广泛的多单位光谱探测器光谱，以全多平面形式构建了 SDSS J1029+2623 的扩展强透镜模型，一个 z = 0.588 的透镜群，具有背景类星体 （z = 2.1992） 的三个多重图像。除了典型的星团强透镜建模技术之外，我们还将来自七个背景源的 26 点状多张图像的位置作为可观测对象，跨越 1.02 到 5.06 之间的宽红移范围，以及强透镜类星体宿主星系的扩展表面亮度分布，超过 ∼78,000 HST 像素。此外，我们还模拟了七个物体的光分布，这些物体在角度上与强透镜类星体宿主角度接近，超过 ∼9300 HST 像素。我们的扩展透镜模型很好地再现了在 HST F160W 波段（像素比例为 0.“03）观察到的类星体宿主星系的强度和形态。重建的光源显示出单一、紧凑且光滑的表面亮度分布，我们估计 F160W 波段的固有星等为 23.3 ± 0.1，半光半径为 （2.39 ± 0.03） kpc。可观测物数量的增加使能够准确确定与延伸弧成角度相邻的视线光晕的总质量。这项工作为新一代星系团强透镜模型铺平了道路，其中额外的互补透镜可观测物直接作为模型约束。