In wheat (Triticum aestivum), early maturity is desired to avoid the hot and dry summer season, especially in view of climate change. Here, we report that TaE3V1, a C3H2C3 RING-type E3 ligase that interacts with TaVRN1, is associated with early development. Aside from its RING domain, TaE3V1 does not harbor any domains that are conserved in other RING-type or other E3 ligase proteins. TaE3V-B1b, encoded by the functional TaE3V1 allele, interacts with and ubiquitinates TaVRN1. In contrast, TaE3V-B1a, encoded by a natural nonfunctional TaE3V1 allele, neither interacts with TaVRN1 nor has E3 ligase activity. TaE3V-B1b activity decreases with plant age under warmer temperatures, but not under the low temperatures required for vernalization. We employed a gene editing method to simultaneously inactivate the three homoeologous TaE3V1 genes to validate their functions. Overall, our results suggest that the naturally mutated and edited TaE3V1 alleles can accelerate wheat development and aid adaptation to warming climates.

中文翻译：

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E3 连接酶 TaE3V-B1 泛素化由春化基因 TaVRN1 编码的蛋白质并调节小麦的发育过程


在小麦 （Triticum aestivum） 中，希望早熟以避免炎热干燥的夏季，特别是考虑到气候变化。在这里，我们报道了 TaE3V1 是一种与 TaVRN1 相互作用的 C3H2C3 RING 型 E3 连接酶，与早期发育有关。除了 RING 结构域外，TaE3V1 不包含任何在其他 RING 型或其他 E3 连接酶蛋白中保守的结构域。TaE3V-B1b 由功能性 TaE3V1 等位基因编码，与 TaVRN1 相互作用并泛素化。相比之下，由天然无功能 TaE3V1 等位基因编码的 TaE3V-B1a 既不与 TaVRN1 相互作用，也不具有 E3 连接酶活性。TaE3V-B1b 活性在温暖的温度下随着植株年龄的增长而降低，但在春化所需的低温下则不会降低。我们采用基因编辑方法同时灭活三个同源 TaE3V1 基因以验证它们的功能。总体而言，我们的结果表明，自然突变和编辑的 TaE3V1 等位基因可以加速小麦发育并帮助适应变暖的气候。