In wheat (Triticum aestivum), early maturity is desired to avoid the hot and dry summer season, especially in view of climate change. Here, we report that TaE3V1, a C3H2C3 RING-type E3 ligase that interacts with TaVRN1, is associated with early development. Aside from its RING domain, TaE3V1 does not harbor any domains that are conserved in other RING-type or other E3 ligase proteins. TaE3V-B1b, encoded by the functional TaE3V1 allele, interacts with and ubiquitinates TaVRN1. In contrast, TaE3V-B1a, encoded by a natural nonfunctional TaE3V1 allele, neither interacts with TaVRN1 nor has E3 ligase activity. TaE3V-B1b activity decreases with plant age under warmer temperatures, but not under the low temperatures required for vernalization. We employed a gene editing method to simultaneously inactivate the 3 homoeologous TaE3V1 genes to validate their functions. Overall, our results suggest that the naturally mutated and edited TaE3V1 alleles can accelerate wheat development and aid adaptation to warming climates.

中文翻译：

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E3 连接酶 TaE3V-B1 泛素化由春化基因 TaVRN1 编码的蛋白质并调节小麦的发育过程


在小麦 （Triticum aestivum） 中，希望早熟以避免炎热干燥的夏季，特别是考虑到气候变化。在这里，我们报道了 TaE3V1 是一种与 TaVRN1 相互作用的 C3H2C3 RING 型 E3 连接酶，与早期发育有关。除了 RING 结构域外，TaE3V1 不包含任何在其他 RING 型或其他 E3 连接酶蛋白中保守的结构域。TaE3V-B1b 由功能性 TaE3V1 等位基因编码，与 TaVRN1 相互作用并泛素化。相比之下，由天然无功能 TaE3V1 等位基因编码的 TaE3V-B1a 既不与 TaVRN1 相互作用，也不具有 E3 连接酶活性。TaE3V-B1b 活性在温暖的温度下随着植株年龄的增长而降低，但在春化所需的低温下则不会降低。我们采用基因编辑方法同时灭活 3 个同源 TaE3V1 基因以验证它们的功能。总体而言，我们的结果表明，自然突变和编辑的 TaE3V1 等位基因可以加速小麦发育并帮助适应变暖的气候。