People's attitudes toward almost any stimulus (e.g., brands, people, food items) can change in line with the valence of co-occurring stimuli (e.g., images, messages, other people), a phenomenon known as the evaluative conditioning (EC) effect. Recent research has shown that EC effects are not always controlled, which is problematic in many circumstances (e.g., advertising, misinformation). We examined conditions under which uncontrolled EC effects are more likely to reflect retrieval failures or uncontrolled encoding processes. To provide an experimental test of this question, we propose that people can either integrate or add validity information to the stimulus valence. Specifically, we propose that controlled processes can integrate validity information into the stored valence representations mostly when validity information is provided at the time of exposure to the evaluative information. Control attempts taking place later are more likely to add than to integrate the validity information to the stored representation. Moreover, if validity information is merely added to the stimulus valence as compared to integrated, forgetting this information potentially inflates indices of uncontrolled processes. Our findings demonstrate important boundary conditions for the interpretation of measures of uncontrolled encoding processes. Nevertheless, they provide further evidence that uncontrolled encoding processes can contribute to EC effects. We discuss implications for theories of attitude change and for protection from misinformation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

人们如何（未能）控制情感刺激对态度的影响。


人们对几乎任何刺激（例如，品牌、人、食品）的态度都可以根据同时发生的刺激（例如，图像、信息、其他人）的效价而变化，这种现象被称为评价条件反射 （EC） 效应。最近的研究表明，EC 效应并不总是得到控制，这在许多情况下都是有问题的（例如，广告、错误信息）。我们检查了不受控制的 EC 效应更有可能反映检索失败或不受控制的编码过程的条件。为了提供这个问题的实验测试，我们建议人们可以将效度信息整合或添加到刺激效价中。具体来说，我们建议受控过程可以将有效性信息集成到存储的效价表示中，主要是在暴露于评价信息时提供有效性信息。稍后进行的控制尝试更有可能添加有效性信息，而不是将有效性信息集成到存储的表示中。此外，如果与整合相比，有效性信息仅仅被添加到刺激效价中，那么忘记这些信息可能会夸大不受控制的过程的指数。我们的研究结果证明了解释不受控制的编码过程的测量的重要边界条件。尽管如此，它们提供了进一步的证据，表明不受控制的编码过程会导致 EC 效应。我们讨论了对态度改变理论和保护免受错误信息的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 （c） 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。