Hate/bias crimes against race and national origins have been among the most critical and long-standing issues in America. However, hate/bias crimes against minorities, especially targeting Asians, have been insufficiently studied. Using a systematic review, we examine how hate crimes against racial/ethnic minorities have been studied. To be included in this review, studies needed to meet the following criteria: (1) exclusively use peer-reviewed empirical articles published in English, (2) be published between 2000 and 2022, (3) focus on original empirical research examining hate and bias crimes against racial/ethnic minorities in the United States, (4) measure hate or bias crimes (i.e., bias victimization) using official reports or self-reports, and (5) directly measure hate/bias crime as either exposure or an outcome. A total of 26 articles from Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Crossref that met the criteria were analyzed. This study finds that the number of articles on hate and bias crimes has significantly increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, there was a notable lack of studies specifically measuring hate and bias crimes against Asians before 2022. Additionally, all the studies included in this review were quantitative and predominantly cross-sectional. Most of these studies focused on multiple racial groups, including Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians, often comparing their experiences with hate crimes by racial group. While many studies used secondary datasets such as UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS, only a few offered policy recommendations based on their findings. We recommend future research to address the gap in scholarly articles on hate and bias crimes against racial and ethnic minorities in the US.

中文翻译：

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美国针对少数种族/族裔的仇恨/偏见犯罪：实证研究的系统评价和下一步评估


针对种族和民族血统的仇恨/偏见犯罪一直是美国最关键和最长期存在的问题之一。然而，针对少数族裔的仇恨/偏见犯罪，尤其是针对亚裔的仇恨/偏见犯罪，尚未得到充分研究。使用系统评价，我们研究了如何研究针对种族/少数民族的仇恨犯罪。要纳入本综述，研究需要满足以下标准：（1） 仅使用以英文发表的同行评审实证文章，（2） 在 2000 年至 2022 年之间发表，（3） 专注于研究美国针对种族/少数族裔的仇恨和偏见犯罪的原始实证研究，（4） 使用官方报告或自我报告衡量仇恨或偏见犯罪（即偏见受害）， （5） 直接将仇恨/偏见犯罪衡量为曝光或结果。共分析了来自 Web of Science、Scopus、PsycINFO 和 Crossref 的 26 篇符合标准的文章。这项研究发现，自 COVID-19 大流行以来，关于仇恨和偏见犯罪的文章数量显着增加。有趣的是，在 2022 年之前，专门衡量针对亚裔的仇恨和偏见犯罪的研究明显缺乏。此外，本综述中纳入的所有研究都是定量的，主要是横断面研究。这些研究大多集中在多个种族群体上，包括黑人、西班牙裔和亚裔，经常按种族群体比较他们的经历与仇恨犯罪。虽然许多研究使用了 UCR、NIBRS 和 NCVS 等二级数据集，但只有少数研究根据他们的发现提供了政策建议。我们建议未来的研究来解决美国针对种族和少数族裔的仇恨和偏见犯罪的学术文章中的空白。