Ice storms can cause substantial damage to tree crowns and lead to growth reduction. However, in uneven-aged stands, the growth of an individual tree may also increase due to crown release caused by the damage or mortality of neighboring trees. Three years after the devastating ice storm in 2014 in mixed uneven-aged Dinaric forests (Croatia), we cored 156 European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and 85 silver fir (Abies alba) trees across 20 permanent sample plots to study the post-storm growth response as a function of tree, stand, site, spatial arrangement and local competition factors. The ice storm damaged over 84% of trees on the sampled plots. Among the cored trees, 52.7% exhibited growth reduction, which on average amounted to −3.1% relative to the pre-disturbance average. Trees with less than 40% crown damage maintained their pre-disturbance growth rates or experienced only minor growth suppression. While 60% of beech trees suffered a growth reduction at an average rate of −7.2%, the average radial increment of fir after the storm was 14.0% higher compared to the pre-storm rate. A linear mixed-effects model suggests that the growth response can largely be explained by the focal and neighboring tree species identity, tree competition pressure, focal and neighboring tree damage, crown size, slenderness index and stoniness. Growth release was positively associated with fir, inverse distance-weighted crown damage of the nearest neighbor, shorter crowns, slenderness, less stony sites and less damaged trees. The analysis suggests that at the same level of local competition load, trees with a broadleaved and damaged nearest neighbor are more likely to experience growth release than those with a coniferous or undamaged nearest neighbor. This implies that uneven-aged stands with a substantial presence and mingling of both conifers and broadleaves are expected to be more resilient to ice storms and are less likely to suffer growth reduction.

中文翻译：

---

冰暴后 Fagus sylvatica - Abies alba 森林对树木生长的邻里影响


冰暴会对树冠造成重大损害并导致生长减少。然而，在年龄不均的林分中，由于邻近树木的损坏或死亡导致树冠释放，单棵树的生长也可能增加。2014 年，在克罗地亚（克罗地亚）的不均匀年龄混合林发生毁灭性冰暴三年后，我们在 20 个永久样地中取芯了 156 棵欧洲山毛榉 （Fagus sylvatica） 和 85 棵银冷杉 （Abies alba），以研究风暴后生长响应与树木、林分、地点、空间布局和当地竞争因素的函数关系。冰暴损坏了采样地块上超过 84% 的树木。在带芯树中，52.7% 的树木生长减少，相对于干扰前的平均值，平均减少 -3.1%。树冠损伤小于 40% 的树木保持了干扰前的生长速率或仅经历了轻微的生长抑制。虽然 60% 的山毛榉树以平均 -7.2% 的速度生长减少，但与风暴前相比，风暴后冷杉的平均径向增量高出 14.0%。线性混合效应模型表明，生长反应在很大程度上可以用焦点和相邻树种的身份、树木竞争压力、焦点和相邻树木的损害、树冠大小、细长指数和石度来解释。生长释放与冷杉、最近邻的逆距离加权树冠损伤、较短的树冠、细长、较少的石质场地和较少的树木损伤呈正相关。分析表明，在相同的局部竞争负荷水平下，具有阔叶树和受损最近邻的树木比具有针叶树或未受损的最近邻的树木更有可能经历生长释放。 这意味着，针叶树和阔叶树大量存在和混合的不均匀年龄的林分预计对冰暴的抵抗力更强，并且不太可能遭受生长减少。