Transportation economics studies show that the activity density, in particular, employment density, is influenced by availability and quality of transportation infrastructure and services, including public transit. These studies also show that businesses and economic activities may have unique requirements, preferences, and characteristics, which may lead to varying effect of transportation on different sectors. However, the relationship between transit infrastructure and employment density has been examined mostly using simple transit proximity distance or travel time in the past research and few have used transit accessibility, and none have accounted for first/last mile (FMLM) modality, different public transit service type, and job matching mechanisms. This study attempts to fill these gaps by utilizing a new accessibility measure that is adaptive to the aforesaid features and comparing its relationship with employment density across various industries. The results show a positive and significant relationship between employment density and bus service accessibility for all industrial sectors, while the effect of light rail service is significant only for finance, real estate, insurance, food, and accommodation industrial sectors, and when FMLM modality is driving. Proximity to public transit was found to be a stronger predictor of job density than accessibility. Additionally, the effect of closeness to highway network was almost twice the effect of transit proximity for all sectors, especially for blue-collar jobs. The results also highlight that industrial sectors tend to cluster in areas with higher employment diversity but are indifferent towards higher land use diversity. These results signify several challenges in transportation equity and multimodal planning and policies. Improving regional public transit integration through coordinated physical infrastructure, fare systems, and schedules, along with enhancing walking amenities in key areas, could improve connectivity between activities. Additionally, incorporating equity considerations into land use planning, such as through distributional impact analysis, can help monitor and ensure equity in future urban developments.

中文翻译：

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评估交通可达性对就业密度的影响：基于重力的可达性的空间分析，包括工作匹配、交通服务类型和第一英里/最后一英里模式


交通经济学研究表明，活动密度，特别是就业密度，受交通基础设施和服务（包括公共交通）的可用性和质量的影响。这些研究还表明，企业和经济活动可能具有独特的要求、偏好和特征，这可能导致运输对不同行业产生不同的影响。然而，在过去的研究中，主要使用简单的公交接近距离或旅行时间来研究交通基础设施与就业密度之间的关系，很少有人使用公交可达性，也没有考虑第一英里/最后一英里 （FMLM） 模式、不同的公共交通服务类型和工作匹配机制。本研究试图通过使用一种适应上述特征的新可访问性措施并比较其与各行业就业密度的关系来填补这些空白。结果表明，所有工业部门的就业密度和公交服务可达性之间存在正向且显着的关系，而轻轨服务的影响仅对金融、房地产、保险、食品和住宿工业部门以及 FMLM 模式驱动时具有显着意义。研究发现，与可达性相比，靠近公共交通更能预测就业密度。此外，对于所有行业，尤其是蓝领工作，靠近高速公路网络的影响几乎是交通接近性的两倍。结果还强调，工业部门倾向于聚集在就业多样性较高的地区，但对较高的土地利用多样性漠不关心。 这些结果意味着运输公平和多式联运规划和政策方面的一些挑战。通过协调物理基础设施、票价系统和时间表来改善区域公共交通整合，同时加强关键区域的步行设施，可以改善活动之间的连通性。此外，将公平因素纳入土地利用规划，例如通过分配影响分析，可以帮助监测和确保未来城市发展的公平性。