In contemporary societies, public transportation holds paramount significance for fostering sustainable and equitable urban development. Concurrently, innovative mobility solutions, such as the integration of on-demand mobility services like Demand Response Transit (DRT) and Transportation Network Companies (TNC) with Fixed Route Transit (FRT) systems, are gaining prominence. On-demand mobility, with its adaptive dynamic routing, can improve public transit access by best utilizing the existing infrastructure. However, to ensure the adequacy of the service of an integrated system, it is essential to evaluate equity and accessibility of the system. While research has explored the adaptability of integrated multi-modal transport systems, a critical gap remains in understanding the impact on transportation accessibility, particularly for transit-reliant communities. This study utilizes spatial indicators to depict accessibility changes at FRT bus stops post-integration with on-demand services. To assess the enhancement in accessibility resulting from integration, the study employed an agent-based model, testing two scenarios: i) Walking with FRT and ii) On-demand Feeder with FRT (DRT and TNC integrated as feeders). The evaluation employs key metrics, including Transit Coverage Gap, the Lorenz curve, and the Gini index, to analyze the accessibility and equity of the integrated services. Additionally, a novel measure, termed the “Accessibility-Radius,” is proposed to quantify spatial accessibility to FRT services. Accessibility-Radius (AR) is defined as the radial service range of a public transit stop, which captures the dependence of the users of the FRT stop to access the public transit facilities. In this study, we quantified the AR as the 90th and 95th percentile distances between various origins and the nearest FRT stops of completed trips. The results of a case study of the city of Morristown, Tennessee, US, indicate that after integration, the Gini index improved from 0.88 to 0.71, and 29.6 % more people had access to public transportation. The study also utilizes the AR performance metric to evaluate a recently developed transit integration project in Memphis, Tennessee, US. The results demonstrate a remarkable 224 % improvement in transit coverage Gap at an FRT stop. Therefore the contribution of this study is a framework to evaluate the accessibility and equity enhancement for a public transit system after integrating with on-demand feeder services.

中文翻译：

---

与按需支线服务集成的固定路线交通系统的公平性和可及性评估


在当代社会，公共交通对于促进可持续和公平的城市发展具有至关重要的意义。与此同时，创新的移动解决方案，例如将需求响应交通 （DRT） 和运输网络公司 （TNC） 等按需移动服务与固定路线交通 （FRT） 系统集成，也越来越受到重视。按需移动性及其自适应动态路线可以通过最好地利用现有基础设施来改善公共交通访问。然而，为了确保综合系统的服务的充分性，必须评估系统的公平性和可访问性。虽然研究已经探讨了综合多式联运系统的适应性，但在理解对交通可达性的影响方面仍然存在重大差距，特别是对于依赖公共交通的社区。本研究利用空间指标来描述与按需服务集成后 FRT 公交站的可达性变化。为了评估集成带来的可访问性增强，该研究采用了基于代理的模型，测试了两种场景：i） 使用 FRT 行走和 ii） 使用 FRT 的按需馈线（DRT 和 TNC 集成为馈线）。该评估采用关键指标，包括公交覆盖差距、洛伦兹曲线和基尼指数，来分析综合服务的可达性和公平性。此外，还提出了一种称为“可访问性半径”的新措施，用于量化 FRT 服务的空间可访问性。Accessibility-Radius （AR） 定义为公共交通停靠点的径向服务范围，它捕获了 FRT 停靠点的用户访问公共交通设施点的依赖性。 在这项研究中，我们将 AR 量化为各种起点与已完成行程的最近 FRT 站点之间的第 90 个和第 95 个百分位距离。美国田纳西州莫里斯敦市的案例研究结果表明，整合后，基尼系数从 0.88 提高到 0.71，使用公共交通工具的人数增加了 29.6%。该研究还利用 AR 性能指标来评估最近在美国田纳西州孟菲斯开发的一个交通整合项目。结果表明，在 FRT 站点的公交覆盖率 Gap 显着提高了 224%。因此，本研究的贡献是一个框架，用于评估与按需馈线服务集成后公共交通系统的可达性和公平性增强。