Over the last four decades, global temperatures have seen a generalized, long-term increase, and Europe is at the forefront of this trend, with temperatures rising by over twice the global average in the past 30 years. And the problem of excessive heat exposure is disproportionately more serious urban areas than it is in rural areas. This study investigates the issue of thermal inequality in Southern Europe, a largely understudied region exposed to substantial heat stress. We selected five major Spanish cities that reflect different socio-demographic and environmental contexts of the country, using the city’s administrative boundaries as our unit of analysis. We used bespoke neighborhoods to investigate heat inequality at multiple spatial scales. To illustrate the relationship between the thermal inequality patterns and the socio-demographic characteristics of neighborhoods, we estimated three separate generalized least squares regression models for each city, with the outcome variable being the average land surface temperature values in bespoke neighborhoods across the three spatial scales: 300 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m. The actual link between heat exposure and neighborhood characteristics appears to be sensitive to the local social, economic, institutional, historical and geographical context. Nonetheless, the connection between heat exposure and residents’ socioeconomic status, as well as the association of neighborhood population density with land surface temperature, seems to maintain consistent significance, often retaining their importance despite the spatial scale of analysis and employed zoning method.

中文翻译：

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热不平等景观：探索西班牙多个空间尺度上的气候正义模式


在过去的四十年里，全球气温出现了普遍的长期上升，而欧洲处于这一趋势的最前沿，在过去 30 年中，气温上升幅度是全球平均水平的两倍多。城市地区过度高温暴露的问题比农村地区严重得多。本研究调查了南欧的热不平等问题，南欧是一个在很大程度上未被充分研究的地区，暴露于大量的热应力下。我们选择了五个反映该国不同社会人口和环境背景的西班牙主要城市，使用城市的行政边界作为我们的分析单位。我们使用定制的邻域来研究多个空间尺度的热不平等。为了说明热不平等模式与社区社会人口特征之间的关系，我们为每个城市估计了三个单独的广义最小二乘回归模型，结果变量是定制社区在三个空间尺度上的平均地表温度值：300 m、1000 m 和 2000 m。热暴露与社区特征之间的实际联系似乎对当地的社会、经济、制度、历史和地理背景很敏感。尽管如此，热暴露与居民社会经济地位之间的联系，以及社区人口密度与地表温度的关联，似乎保持一致的意义，尽管分析的空间尺度和采用的分区方法，它们的重要性往往保持不变。