Agricultural landscapes have been shaped by gradual, partially optimized changes in farms and surrounding areas which have resulted in fragmented agricultural landownership and increased distances on farms. Since Finland joined the EU in 1995, the average farm size has more than doubled which has increased the distances on farms. This may have caused trade-offs with resource use efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and impacts of land reallocation by integrating regional variability, logistical factors, and emerging satellite imagery, with an emphasis on enhancing resilience in future climates. This study estimated the theoretical potential for land reallocation between farms to reduce farmland fragmentation but also applied fixed land exchange rates (5 % to 40 %) with the primary aim to reduce distances within each farm depending on the farm size and region. The aim was also to identify co-benefits and trade-offs on the number of parcels in a farm, the production capacity of exchanged parcels, diversification potential, and the proximity of parcels to waterways. While keeping the farm size constant, large potential was found to optimize fragmented landscapes and reduce distances within farms especially on large farms. However, only a moderate exchange rate of 5 % almost halved the distances in the best cases of the farms, while exchange rates >20 % provided less additional logistic benefits. Thereby, modest, well targeted measures are not only more acceptable to landowners but may provide the most benefits with fewer trade-offs. In unsatisfactory cases, large parcels were replaced by higher numbers of smaller ones, productivity differences occurred, and closer parcels became more uniform, which may reduce diversification options, which are important for resilience and sustainability. Hence, merging and reshaping nearby parcels after reallocation might be needed to complete rationalization. Estimated changes in the proximity of the parcels to waterways tended to improve the farmers’ readiness to implement irrigation as an adaptation measure to climate change. The variable outcome of parcel reallocation emphasizes the central role of the current customer-driven consolidation system chaired by independent land surveyors to boost the land reallocation also in the future to improve logistics, resource efficiency, and sustainability on farms that today struggle with cost-crises.

中文翻译：

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芬兰零散农田的协调潜力：关键地块特征的利与弊


农场和周边地区的逐渐、部分优化的变化塑造了农业景观，这导致了农业土地所有权的碎片化和农场距离的增加。自 1995 年芬兰加入欧盟以来，农场的平均规模增加了一倍多，这增加了农场的距离。这可能会导致在资源使用效率、生产力和可持续性之间进行权衡。本研究的目的是通过整合区域可变性、物流因素和新兴卫星图像来评估土地重新分配的潜力和影响，重点是增强未来气候的复原力。本研究估计了农场之间土地重新分配以减少农田碎片化的理论潜力，但也应用了固定的土地交换率（5% 到 40%），主要目的是根据农场规模和地区缩短每个农场内的距离。其目的还在于确定农场中地块数量、交换地块的生产能力、多样化潜力以及地块与水道的距离之间的共同利益和权衡。在保持农场规模不变的同时，发现在优化碎片化景观和缩短农场内距离（尤其是在大型农场）方面具有巨大潜力。然而，在农场的最佳情况下，只有 5 % 的适中汇率几乎将距离缩短了一半，而汇率 >20 % 提供的额外物流优势较少。因此，适度的、有针对性的措施不仅更容易为土地所有者所接受，而且可能以较少的权衡取舍提供最大的好处。 在不令人满意的情况下，大包裹被大量小包裹所取代，生产力差异出现，更近的包裹变得更加均匀，这可能会减少多样化选择，而这些选择对弹性和可持续性很重要。因此，可能需要在重新分配后合并和修整附近的宗地以完成合理化。地块靠近水道的估计变化往往会提高农民实施灌溉作为适应气候变化措施的准备程度。宗地重新分配的可变结果强调了当前由独立土地测量师主持的客户驱动整合系统的核心作用，以在未来促进土地重新分配，以改善当今与成本危机作斗争的农场的物流、资源效率和可持续性。