Precious metals (PMs), particularly platinum group metals (PGMs), are of strategic importance due to their high supply–demand imbalance, scarcity, and functionality in high-tech fields. The global supply of PMs is constrained due to the rising demand in clean energy applications. Therefore, the recycling of PMs from secondary resources can effectively alleviate the risk of supply shortages. Pyrometallurgical technologies have attracted considerable interest because of their high recovery efficiency, extensive processing capacity, and minimal wastewater production. To enhance the recovery efficiency of PMs and promote the development of the underlying theories and technologies for pyrometallurgical enrichment, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution behavior of PMs between slag and metal, with a particular focus on gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. The factors, including gas partial pressure, temperature, slag composition, matte grade, and halogen elements, which have an influence on PMs distribution coefficients, are considered when designing slag types and setting smelting conditions. The characteristics of e-waste and spent catalysts differ significantly from those of ores. The distribution behaviors of PMs determine the recycling of PMs from spent catalysts and e-waste. Finally, the prospects of pyrometallurgical PMs recycling technologies are presented.

中文翻译：

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火法冶金过程中贵金属分布行为及其对回收利用的影响的全面综述


贵金属 （PM），尤其是铂族金属 （PGM），由于其高度供需失衡、稀缺性和在高科技领域的功能性而具有战略重要性。由于清洁能源应用的需求不断增长，全球 PM 的供应受到限制。因此，从二次资源中回收 PM 可以有效缓解供应短缺的风险。火法冶金技术因其高回收效率、广泛的加工能力和最少的废水产生而引起了相当大的兴趣。为提高粉末冶金富集的回收效率，促进火法冶金富集基础理论和技术的发展，本文全面概述了粉末冶金在炉渣和金属之间的分布行为，特别关注金、银、铂、钯、铑和钌。在设计炉渣类型和设置冶炼条件时，要考虑影响 PM 分布系数的因素，包括气体分压、温度、炉渣成分、冰铜等级和卤素元素。电子垃圾和废催化剂的特性与矿石的特性有很大不同。PM 的分布行为决定了 PM 从废催化剂和电子废物中回收。最后，对火法冶金粉末冶金回收技术进行了展望。