We investigate the role of hybrid and nucleonic equations of state (EOSs) within neutron star (NS) interiors using Bayesian inference to evaluate their alignment with recent observational data from NICER and LIGO-Virgo (LV) collaborations. We find that smooth hybrid EOSs are slightly favoured in explaining NS mass-radius relations, particularly for pulsars such as PSR J0030+0451 and PSR J0740+6620. However, this preference is not definitive, as gravitational wave (GW) data does not significantly differentiate between our hybrid and nucleonic models. Our analysis also reveals tensions between older NICER data and recent measurements for PSR J0437−4715, highlighting the need for more flexible EOS models. Through two sampling approaches — one fixing the hadronic EOS set and the other without fixing the same, we demonstrate that the hybrid EOS model can incorporate stiffer EOSs, resulting in a better agreement with NICER data but leading to higher tidal deformability, which is less consistent with GW observations. In some recent publications a parameter dc, related to the trace anomaly and its derivative, is used to indicate the presence of deconfined quark matter. We find that our hadronic model, which does not include phase transition to deconfined matter, under the influence of imposed constraints, is able to predict values below 0.2 for dc at around five times saturation density. The hybrid model goes below this threshold at lower densities under the same conditions.

中文翻译：

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根据核和天体物理学数据，通过中子星可观测物对强子-夸克相变模型的贝叶斯评估


我们使用贝叶斯推理研究了混合和核子状态方程 （EOSs） 在中子星 （NS） 内部的作用，以评估它们与 NICER 和 LIGO-Virgo （LV） 合作的最新观测数据的一致性。我们发现，在解释 NS 质量-半径关系时，平滑混合 EOS 略显有利，特别是对于 PSR J0030+0451 和 PSR J0740+6620 等脉冲星。然而，这种偏好并不是确定的，因为引力波 （GW） 数据并没有显着区分我们的混合模型和核子模型。我们的分析还揭示了较旧的 NICER 数据与 PSR J0437-4715 的最新测量值之间的紧张关系，突出了对更灵活的 EOS 模型的需求。通过两种采样方法——一种固定强子 EOS 集，另一种不固定相同的 EOS，我们证明混合 EOS 模型可以包含更硬的 EOS，从而与 NICER 数据更好地一致，但导致更高的潮汐变形能力，这与 GW 观测不太一致。在最近的一些出版物中，与痕量异常及其导数相关的参数 dc 用于表示解限夸克物质的存在。我们发现，在施加的约束影响下，我们的强子模型（不包括向解限物质的相变）能够预测在大约五倍饱和密度下低于 0.2 的直流值。在相同条件下，混合模型在较低密度下低于此阈值。