In the first half of the 19th century, Adriano Balbi (1782–1848) was one of the greatest geographers in Italy and Europe, having an extremely vast and constantly updated scientific output. He tried to keep up with new discoveries of ‘unknown and unexplored' territories. His work influenced geographers and cartographers, who used it as a source. Evangelista Azzi (1793–1848), a cartographer and military topographer from Parma Duchies, produced a wide corpus of school maps. His Mappamondo (1838) was conceived as an enormous wall map (2 × 4 mt), that summarised the geographical, historical and ethnographic knowledge of the time, as an encyclopaedic work. To collect data, he used contemporary geographical and cartographic works, including those of Adriano Balbi, having a close epistolary relationship with him. Balbi understood the importance of a cartographic restitution of his works and supported Azzi transferring numerous notions to him. Among these were the seas and oceans, which in the world map are named according to Balbi's works. The Mappamondo is the first map where the Balbi's definition of ‘Open Mediterraneans’ appears. The paper's primary objective is to identify the dialogue between geographers and cartographers in conveying a common narrative of the seas. Considering Azzi's cartographies as the visual synthesis of Balbi's geographical proposals, the paper explores a direct transposition of knowledge from text to map. Finally, the metaphor of water and liquid worlds lends itself well to observing the dynamism of small pre-unitary Italian actors that dialogued on global issues, going beyond state borders and moving within a common Risorgimento context.

中文翻译：

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阿德里亚诺·巴尔比 （Adriano Balbi） 和海洋、海洋和“开阔地中海”的定义：地理学与制图学之间的对话 - 伊万杰利斯塔·阿齐


19 世纪上半叶，阿德里亚诺·巴尔比（Adriano Balbi，1782-1848 年）是意大利和欧洲最伟大的地理学家之一，拥有极其广泛且不断更新的科学成果。他试图跟上“未知和未探索”领域的新发现。他的工作影响了地理学家和制图师，他们将其用作来源。伊万杰利斯塔·阿齐（Evangelista Azzi，1793-1848 年）是帕尔马公国的制图师和军事地形学家，他制作了大量学校地图。他的 Mappamondo（1838 年）被设想为一幅巨大的挂图（2 × 4 米），总结了当时的地理、历史和人种学知识，是一部百科全书式的作品。为了收集数据，他使用了同时代的地理和制图作品，包括与他有着密切书信关系的阿德里亚诺·巴尔比 （Adriano Balbi） 的作品。巴尔比明白以制图方式归还他的作品的重要性，并支持阿齐向他转移许多概念。其中包括海洋和海洋，在世界地图中，它们是根据 Balbi 的作品命名的。Mappamondo 是第一张出现 Balbi 对“开阔地中海”定义的地图。本文的主要目标是确定地理学家和制图师在传达共同的海洋叙述方面的对话。本文将 Azzi 的制图视为 Balbi 地理建议的视觉综合，探索了知识从文本到地图的直接转换。最后，水和液体世界的隐喻非常适合观察前单一制意大利小行为体的活力，这些行为者就全球问题进行对话，超越国家边界，在共同的复兴运动背景下行动。