Thailand Tokamak-1 (TT-1) successfully achieved its first plasma operation in early 2023. Understanding the behavior of high-energy runaway electrons (RE) during plasma discharges is crucial in TT-1 due to the potential risk of significant damage to in-vessel components. To study the RE behavior and analyze its characteristics, the LaBr3(Ce) detector was employed for measuring hard X-ray emissions in TT-1. In this study, we first characterized the LaBr3(Ce) detector in the laboratory and then performed hard X-ray spectroscopy in TT-1. Calibration sources, including 133Ba, 137Cs, 22Na, and 60Co, with energies up to 1.33 MeV, were used in the laboratory. The detector was calibrated using biased high voltage of -1000 V. It was found to have an energy resolution of approximately 6.2% at an energy of 0.662 MeV. After calibration, the detector was installed at TT-1 to measure hard X-ray. We analyze the hard X-ray emission from discharge #2183 during a selected time interval. It is found that the high-energy hard X-ray emissions reach up to approximately 500 keV. Assuming a simple Maxwellian distribution of the RE population, their temperature is estimated to be 224±5 keV. These findings confirm the presence of high-energy runaway electrons during TT-1’s plasma discharges. However, to accurately derive the runaway electron energy spectrum from the hard X-ray energy spectrum, the unfolding technique is required. In future work, we plan to apply the unfolding method, conduct numerical simulations on the physics of runaway electrons, and employ Monte Carlo simulations on the hard X-ray emissions.

中文翻译：

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使用 LaBr[公式省略]（Ce） 探测器进行硬 X 射线光谱学对泰国失控电子研究的初步结果托卡马克-1


泰国托卡马克 1 号 （TT-1） 于 2023 年初成功实现了首次等离子体手术。了解 TT-1 等离子体放电过程中高能失控电子 （RE） 的行为至关重要，因为存在对容器内组件造成重大损坏的潜在风险。为了研究 RE 行为并分析其特性，采用 LaBr3（Ce） 探测器测量 TT-1 中的硬 X 射线发射。在这项研究中，我们首先在实验室中表征了 LaBr3（Ce） 探测器，然后在 TT-1 中进行了硬 X 射线光谱分析。实验室使用了校准源，包括 133Ba、137Cs、22Na 和 60Co，能量高达 1.33 MeV。使用 -1000 V 的偏置高压校准检测器。发现它在 0.662 MeV 的能量下具有大约 6.2% 的能量分辨率。校准后，将探测器安装在 TT-1 处以测量硬 X 射线。我们分析了在选定时间间隔内放电 #2183 的硬 X 射线发射。研究发现，高能硬 X 射线发射高达约 500 keV。假设 RE 种群的简单麦克斯韦分布，它们的温度估计为 224±5 keV。这些发现证实了 TT-1 的等离子体放电过程中存在高能失控电子。然而，为了从硬 X 射线能谱中准确推导出失控的电子能谱，需要展开技术。在未来的工作中，我们计划应用展开方法，对失控电子的物理学进行数值模拟，并对硬 X 射线发射采用蒙特卡洛模拟。