Nanotechnology holds tremendous promise for advancing cancer treatment and imaging. Various nanostructures, including liposomes, polymersomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles, have been extensively investigated for applications such as targeted drug delivery, thermal ablation, gene therapy, MRI contrast enhancement, fluorescence imaging, theranostics, and photoacoustic imaging. This review offers a systematic evaluation of recent advancements in nanostructure applications for cancer, covering studies from 2018 to 2023. A thorough literature searches across major databases yielded over 500 relevant studies. Key insights demonstrate improved anticancer efficacy, site-specific accumulation, reduced toxicity, and real-time therapeutic response monitoring through the use of optimized multifunctional nanostructures in preclinical cancer models. However, the majority of these nanostructures remain in preclinical or early clinical stages. Addressing critical challenges related to pharmacokinetics, tumor penetration, biocompatibility, clearance, and toxicity through detailed mechanistic studies and assessments is essential for clinical translation. Future advancements in bioinspired designs, surface modifications, combination therapies, stimuli-responsive systems, in situ activation, multimodal imaging, and integration with emerging technologies such as microfluidics and AI could significantly accelerate the clinical success of nanotherapeutics, paving the way for precise and personalized cancer care. Ultimately, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanostructures in cancer treatment and diagnostics, while highlighting the necessity of integrated and rigorous optimization to achieve breakthrough outcomes in clinical oncology.

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用于癌症治疗和诊断的纳米结构：最新进展和未来展望


纳米技术在推进癌症治疗和成像方面具有巨大的前景。各种纳米结构，包括脂质体、聚合物体、树枝状聚合物、碳纳米管、介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒和金属纳米颗粒，已被广泛研究用于靶向药物递送、热消融、基因治疗、MRI 对比增强、荧光成像、治疗诊断学和光声成像等应用。本综述对纳米结构在癌症中的应用的最新进展进行了系统评估，涵盖了 2018 年至 2023 年的研究。在主要数据库中进行彻底的文献搜索，产生了 500 多项相关研究。关键见解表明，通过在临床前癌症模型中使用优化的多功能纳米结构，可以提高抗癌疗效、位点特异性积累、降低毒性和实时治疗反应监测。然而，这些纳米结构中的大多数仍处于临床前或早期临床阶段。通过详细的机制研究和评估来解决与药代动力学、肿瘤渗透性、生物相容性、清除率和毒性相关的关键挑战对于临床转化至关重要。仿生设计、表面改性、联合疗法、刺激响应系统、原位激活、多模态成像以及与微流体和人工智能等新兴技术的集成方面的未来进步可能会显着加速纳米疗法的临床成功，为精确和个性化的癌症护理铺平道路。 最终，本综述强调了纳米结构在癌症治疗和诊断中的变革潜力，同时强调了综合和严格优化的必要性，以在临床肿瘤学中取得突破性成果。