This research investigated the effects of glyphosate herbicide on golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) eggs, focusing on hatching rates, morphological changes, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression to explore its potential as a biomarker of exposure. Additionally, key bioactive components in golden apple snail eggs were characterized. The study demonstrated that glyphosate toxicity increased with both exposure time and concentration. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis revealed adverse morphological effects on eggs and embryos, including changes in shell structure and organ development. SDS-PAGE analysis identified four main protein bands, including Perivitellin 2 in three isoforms (98, 67, and 31 kDa) and Ovorubin (28 kDa). Lipids, phosphorus, and carbohydrates were identified as key components through Sudan Black B, Methyl Green, and Alcian Blue staining. AChE, with a molecular weight of 71 kDa, was further analyzed by Western blot, showing decreased expression with prolonged and higher concentrations of glyphosate exposure. GC–MS analysis identified major bioactive compounds in untreated eggs, including 3-Fluoro-β, 5-dihydroxy-N-methylbenzeneethanamine, 2-Aziridinylethylamine, and dextroamphetamine, which have pharmaceutical properties such as anti-hypertensive, diuretic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as potential applications in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. These compounds were present at lower levels in glyphosate-exposed groups, suggesting glyphosate's impact on the eggs' biochemical defense mechanisms. This study highlights the potential effects of glyphosate on golden apple snail eggs, which may have implications for future snail populations and aquatic ecosystems.

中文翻译：

---

草甘膦类除草剂对金苹果螺蛋孵化率、形态学改变和乙酰胆碱酯酶 （AChE） 表达的不利影响


本研究调查了草甘膦除草剂对金苹果螺 （Pomacea canaliculata） 卵的影响，重点关注孵化率、形态变化和乙酰胆碱酯酶 （AChE） 表达，以探索其作为暴露生物标志物的潜力。此外，还对金苹果蜗牛蛋中的关键生物活性成分进行了表征。研究表明，草甘膦毒性随着暴露时间和浓度的增加而增加。光学相干断层扫描 （OCT） 分析揭示了对鸡蛋和胚胎的不良形态学影响，包括壳结构和器官发育的变化。SDS-PAGE 分析鉴定了四个主要蛋白质条带，包括三种亚型 （98、67 和 31 kDa） 的 Perivitellin 2 和卵红蛋白 （28 kDa）。通过苏丹黑 B 、 甲基绿 和 阿尔新蓝 染色确定脂质、磷和碳水化合物是关键成分。通过 Western blot 进一步分析分子量为 71 kDa 的 AChE，显示草甘膦暴露时间延长和浓度升高时表达降低。GC-MS 分析在未经处理的鸡蛋中鉴定出主要生物活性化合物，包括 3-氟-β、5-二羟基-N-甲基苯乙胺、2-氮氮吾乙胺和右旋苯丙胺，它们具有抗高血压、利尿、抗糖尿病和抗炎作用等药用特性，以及在治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍和发作性睡病方面的潜在应用。这些化合物在草甘膦暴露组中的含量较低，表明草甘膦对鸡蛋的生化防御机制有影响。本研究强调了草甘膦对金苹果蜗牛蛋的潜在影响，这可能对未来的蜗牛种群和水生生态系统产生影响。