The growing demand for renewable energy and environmental sustainability has led to the exploration of biodiesel as an alternative to fossil fuels. In the meantime, sustainable biomass conversion is utilized by the biorefinery to generate a wide range of value-added products. Among the feedstocks for biodiesel production, Madhuca indica or Mahua, a non-edible oilseed emerges as a viable source. Despite the advantages, the oil cake produced in this process causes environmental pollution, when discarded. In this study, the sulfonated M. indica biomass produced as waste in a one-pot reactive extraction process undergoes calcination and is utilized as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production through the transesterification process. The thermophysical properties of the biodiesel produced were characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), GC-MS (Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), H¹ and C¹³ NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize this process, and the optimum conditions for a maximum yield of 90.01 wt% were a temperature of 70°C, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1, with a catalyst of 3 wt%. Additionally, the performance and emissions characteristics of the MME15 (a blend consisting of 15 % M. indica methyl ester and 85 % diesel) and commercial diesel were studied in a direct injection CI engine in a full load condition the MME15's CO and HC emissions were 28.3 % and 18.2 % lower, respectively than those of commercial diesel. For NO emissions compared with diesel, MME15 emits 2.56 % more. The techno-economical studies highlight the efficiency and significance of the biorefinery of M. indica biodiesel by using a sulfonated catalyst and the payback period was determined as 3.7 years using the Aspen Plus Economic Analyzer.

中文翻译：

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使用磺化非均相催化剂通过反应萃取一锅法合成 Madhuca indica 甲酯的可持续设计和技术经济分析


对可再生能源和环境可持续性的需求不断增长，这促使人们探索将生物柴油作为化石燃料的替代品。同时，生物精炼厂利用可持续的生物质转化来生产各种增值产品。在生物柴油生产的原料 Madhuca indica 或 Mahua 中，一种非食用油籽成为可行的来源。尽管有这些优点，但在此过程中产生的油饼被丢弃后会造成环境污染。在本研究中，在一锅反应萃取工艺中作为废物生产的磺化 M. indica 生物质经过煅烧，并用作通过酯交换工艺生产生物柴油的新型非均相催化剂。通过 FTIR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）、GC-MS（气相色谱/质谱）、H¹ 和 C¹³ NMR（核磁共振）分析表征了所生产的生物柴油的热物理特性。使用响应面法 （RSM） 来优化该工艺，最大产率为 90.01 wt% 的最佳条件是 70°C 的温度，甲醇与油的摩尔比为 15：1，催化剂为 3 wt%。此外，在满负荷条件下的直喷 CI 发动机中研究了 MME15（由 15% 的籼稻甲酯和 85% 柴油组成的混合物）和商用柴油的性能和排放特性，MME15 的 CO 和 HC 排放分别比商用柴油低 28.3% 和 18.2%。与柴油相比，MME15 的 NO 排放量高出 2.56%。技术经济研究强调了 M 生物精炼厂的效率和重要性。 使用磺化催化剂生产籼稻生物柴油，使用 Aspen Plus 经济分析仪确定投资回收期为 3.7 年。