Crop management affects the anatomical and physiological characteristics of gladiolus floral stems. Particulary, shading screens are important in gladiolus production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the meteorological conditions, physiological indicators, stomatal characteristics, and quality of gladiolus flower stems grown in different seasons under shading screens and mulching. Field experiments were conducted during the four growing seasons: 1 (March-June 2019), 2 (August-November 2019), 3 (August-November 2020), and 4 (October-December 2021). Gladiolus cv. White goddess was grown in beds with and without mulch. Shading treatments included 35% black, silver, and red shading screens, and an unshaded control. Weather conditions during four growing seasons over two years were within the range of maximum and minimum temperatures suitable for the crop. The black and red shading screens resulted in higher stomatal density (374.9; 362.0 stomatal mm-2), which improved the photosynthetic rate of the leaf resulting in greater flower stem length (116.32 cm) and number of florets (19.00) in the red shading screen. The highest relative chlorophyll index (57.75) was recorded in season 2, which contributed to a greater accumulation of assimilates and resulted in longer stems and better-quality florets. Planting under a red shading screen and mulched soil produced longer stems (8.60 %; 9.05 %, respectively), and a greater number of florets in seasons 2 (8.43 %) and 4 (14.74 %), compared to growing unshaded control. The lowest percentage of damage to flower stems was found in the silver shading screen (3.6%) and mulched soil (6.7%). Long flower stems without damage to the sepals and petals, and with a large number of florets are of better quality, have greater ornamental value and are more attractive to flower consumers. Our results showed that planting in seasons 2 and 4, and using red shading screens and mulching soil, are sustainable and conservation soil-management practices to provide a favorable environment which allowed us to obtain high-quality gladiolus flowers. The results of this study are parameters for future research with different soil mulchings and shading screen colors.

中文翻译：

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遮荫、覆盖和生长季节对唐菖蒲花茎生理指标、解剖学特征和品质的影响


作物管理影响唐菖蒲花茎的解剖学和生理特性。特别是，遮阳幕布在唐菖蒲生产中很重要。本研究旨在评价不同季节在遮荫和覆盖下生长的唐菖蒲花茎的气象条件、生理指标、气孔特性和品质。田间试验在四个生长季节进行：1 个（2019 年 3 月至 6 月）、2 个（2019 年 8 月至 11 月）、3 个（2020 年 8 月至 11 月）和 4 个（2021 年 10 月至 12 月）。唐菖蒲 cv.白色女神生长在有和没有覆盖物的床上。阴影处理包括 35% 的黑色、银色和红色阴影屏幕，以及一个未着色的对照。两年内四个生长季节的天气条件在适合作物的最高和最低温度范围内。黑色和红色遮光幕导致较高的气孔密度 （374.9;362.0 气孔 mm-2），从而提高了叶片的光合速率，导致红色遮光幕中的花茎长度 （116.32 cm） 和小花数量 （19.00） 增加。第 2 季记录了最高的相对叶绿素指数 （57.75），这有助于更大的同化物积累，并导致更长的茎和更好的小花质量。与种植无遮荫对照相比，在红色遮荫幕和覆盖土壤下种植产生了更长的茎（分别为 8.60 %;9.05 %）和第 2 季 （8.43 %） 和第 4 季 （14.74 %） 的更多小花。银幕 （3.6%） 和覆盖土壤 （6.7%） 对花茎的损害百分比最低。 长花茎不损伤萼片和花瓣，小花数量多，质量更好，具有更大的观赏价值，对花卉消费者更具吸引力。我们的结果表明，在第 2 季和第 4 季种植，并使用红色遮光幕和覆盖土壤，是可持续和保护性的土壤管理做法，可提供有利的环境，使我们能够获得高质量的唐菖蒲花。本研究的结果是未来研究不同土壤覆盖和遮阳网颜色的参数。