Although perceived constraints represent a well-documented concept, little research has specifically addressed vulnerable populations with chronic diseases. This study is among the first in tourism to explore perceived constraints for tourists with chronic diseases. It uses dementia as an example and draws on qualitative and quantitative data. We developed and validated a five-factor, 38-item scale to assess perceived constraints to outbound tourism for people with mild dementia. Factors include perceived incapability and uncertainties; dementia-friendly service access challenges; emotional fulfillment and adjustment challenges; medication management challenges; and travel procedures and financial challenges. Further investigation demonstrated that perceived constraints significantly contribute to this demographic's learned helplessness and negatively affect their future travel intentions. We have thus expanded accessible tourism beyond creating enjoyable experiences to fostering positive travel. Findings can inform experience design and encourage exploration of the travel behaviors of chronically ill individuals.

中文翻译：

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重新思考慢性病患者的感知限制：为轻度痴呆游客开发和验证量表


尽管感知到的限制代表了一个有据可查的概念，但很少有研究专门针对患有慢性病的弱势群体。这项研究是旅游业中最早探讨慢性病游客感知限制的研究之一。它以痴呆症为例，并利用定性和定量数据。我们开发并验证了一个包含 38 个项目的五因素量表，以评估轻度痴呆患者对出境旅游的感知限制。因素包括感知到的无能和不确定性;对痴呆友好的服务访问挑战;情绪满足和适应挑战;药物管理挑战;以及旅行程序和财务挑战。进一步的调查表明，感知到的限制显着导致了这一人群的习得性无助，并对他们未来的旅行意图产生了负面影响。因此，我们将无障碍旅游从创造愉快的体验扩展到促进积极的旅行。研究结果可以为体验设计提供信息，并鼓励探索慢性病患者的旅行行为。